[1. Drioli, E., Curcio, E., Criscuoli, A. & Di Profi o, G. (2004). Integrated system for recovery of CaCO3, NaCl, MgSO4 7H2O from nanofi ltration retentate. J. Membr. Sci., 239, 7-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.028.10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.028]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Karakulski, K. & Gryta, M. (2005). Water demineralisation by NF/MD integrated processes. Desalination, 177, 109-119. 10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.018.10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.018]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Singh, R. Hybrid membrane systems for water purifi cation, Elsevier, Oxford 2006.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Bellona, Ch., Marts, M. & Drewesa, J.E. (2010). The effect of organic membrane fouling on the properties and rejection characteristics of nanofi ltration. Sep. Purif. Technol., 74. 44-54. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2010.05.006.10.1016/j.seppur.2010.05.006]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Schäfer, A.I., Fane, A.G. & Wait, T.D. (eds.) (2005). Nanofi ltration: Principles and Application. Elsevier, Oxford.]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Gryta, M. (2008). Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 325, 383-394. doi:10.1016/j.memsci. 2008.08.001.]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Xu, P., Drewes, J.E., Kim, T.U., Bellon, Ch. & Amy, G. (2006). Effect of membrane fouling on transport of organic contaminants in NF/RO membrane applications. J. Membr. Sci., 279. 165-175. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2005.12.001.10.1016/j.memsci.2005.12.001]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Gryta, M. (2008). Chemical pretreatment of feed water for membrane distillation. Chem. Pap., 62, 100-105. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-007-0085-5.10.2478/s11696-007-0085-5]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Mänttäri, M., Pekuri, T. & Nyström, M. (2004). NF270, a new membrane having promising characteristics and being suitable for treatment of dilute effl uents from the paper industry. J. Membr. Sci., 242, 107-116. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2003.08.032.10.1016/j.memsci.2003.08.032]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Lee, W., Hoon Ahn, Ch., Hong, S., Kim, S., Lee, S., Baek, Y. & Yoon, J. (2010). Evaluation of surface properties of reverse osmosis membranes on the initial biofouling stages under no fi ltration condition. J. Membr. Sci., 351, 112-122. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.01.035.10.1016/j.memsci.2010.01.035]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Lee, S., Lee, E., Elimelech, M. & Hong, S. (2011). Membrane characterization by dynamic hysteresis: Measurements, mechanisms, and implications for membrane fouling. J. Membr. Sci., 366, 17-24. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.024.10.1016/j.memsci.2010.09.024]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Subramani, A., Huang, X., & Hoek, E.M.V. (2009). Direct observation of bacterial deposition onto clean and organicfouled polyamide membranes. J. Colloid and Inter. Sci., 336, 13-20. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.063.10.1016/j.jcis.2009.03.06319406423]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Chang, E.-E., Chen, Y.-W., Lin, Y.-L., & Chiang, P.-Ch. (2009), Reduction of natural organic matter by nanofi ltration process, Chemosphere, 76, 1265-1272. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2009.04.053.]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Boussu, K., Zhang, Y., Cocquyt, J., Van der Meeren, P., Volodin, A., Van Haesendonck, C., Martens, J.A. & Van der Bruggen, B., (2006). Characterization of polymeric nanofi ltration membranes for systematic analysis of membrane performance. J. Membr. Sci., 278, 418-427. doi:10.1016/j. memsci.2005.11.027.]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Boussu, K., Van der Bruggen, B., Volodin, A., Snauwaert, J., Van Haesendonck, C. & Vandecasteele, C. (2005). Roughness and hydrophobicity studies of nanofi ltration membranes using different modes of AFM. J. Colloid Interf. Sci., 286, 632-638. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.01.095.10.1016/j.jcis.2005.01.09515897082]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Nghiem, L.D., Schafer, A.I. & Elimelech, M. (2005). Nanofi ltration of hormone mimicking trace organic contaminants. Sep.Sci. Technol., 40, 2633-2649. DOI:10.1080/01496390500283340.10.1080/01496390500283340]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Subramania, A. & Hoekb, E.M.V. (2008). Direct observation of initial microbial deposition onto reverse osmosis and nanofi ltration membranes. J. Membr. Sci., 319, 111-125. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.025.10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.025]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Palacio, L., Calvo, J.I., Pradanos, P., Hernandez, A., Vaisanen, P. & Nystrom, M. (1999). Contact angles and external protein adsorption onto UF membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 152, 189-201. doi:10.1016/SO376-7388(98)00203-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Rosa, M.J. & de Pinho, M.N. (1997). Membranes surface characterization by contact angle measurements using the immersed method. J. Membr. Sci., 131, 167-180. doi:101016/ SO376-7388(97)00043-4.10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00043-4]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Lee, E., Lee, S. & Hong, S. (2010). A new approach to the characterization of reverse osmosis membrane by dynamic hysteresis. Desalin. Water Treat., 18, 257-263. doi:10.5004/ dwt.2010.1782.10.5004/dwt.2010.1782]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Huang, F.L., Wang, Q.Q., Wei, Q.F., Gao, W.D., Shou, H.Y. & Jiang, S.D. (2010). Dynamic wettability and contact angles of poly(vinylidene fl uoride) nanofi ber membranes grafted with acrylic acid, eXPRESS Polymer Letters. 4 (9), 551-558. DOI:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.69.10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.69]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Zawodzinski, T.A., Gottesfeld, S., Shoichet, S. & McCarthy, T.J. (1993). The contact angle between water and the surface of perfl uorosulphonic acid membranes, J. Applied.Electrochem., 23, 86-88. DOI: 10.1007/BF00241582.10.1007/BF00241582]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Wang, K.Y., Foo, S.W. & Chung, T.S. (2009). Mixed matrix PVDF hollow fi ber membranes with nanoscale pores for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 4474-4483. DOI: 10.1021/ie8009704.10.1021/ie8009704]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Hajibabania, S., Verliefde, A., McDonald, J.A., Khan, S.J. & Le-Clech, P. (2011). Fate of trace organic compounds during treatment by nanofi ltration. J. Membr. Sci., 373, 130-139. doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2011.02.040.10.1016/j.memsci.2011.02.040]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Wade, L.G. (2010). Organic chemistry, 7 th. ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, NY USA. ]Search in Google Scholar