This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fritzell P, Hagg O, Wessberg P, Nordwall A, Swedish Lumbar Spine Study G. Chronic low back pain and fusion: a comparison of three surgical techniques: a prospective multicenter randomized study from the Swedish lumbar spine study group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(11):1131-41.Search in Google Scholar
Phillips FM, Slosar PJ, Youssef JA, Andersson G, Papatheofanis F. Lumbar spine fusion for chronic low back pain due to degenerative disc disease: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(7):E409-22.Search in Google Scholar
Herkowitz HN, Sidhu KS. Lumbar Spine Fusion in the Treatment of Degenerative Conditions: Current Indications and Recommendations. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1995;3(3):123-35.Search in Google Scholar
Chung JW, Lui JC. Postoperative pain management: study of patients' level of pain and satisfaction with health care providers' responsiveness to their reports of pain. Nursing & health sciences. 2003;5(1):13-21.Search in Google Scholar
Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2003;97(2):534-40, table of contents.Search in Google Scholar
Le Roux PD, Samudrala S. Postoperative pain after lumbar disc surgery: a comparison between parenteral ketorolac and narcotics. Acta neurochirurgica. 1999; 141(3):261-7.Search in Google Scholar
Cata JP, Noguera EM, Parke E, Ebrahim Z, Kurz A, Kalfas I, et al. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for postoperative pain control after lumbar spine surgery. Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology. 2008; 20(4):256-60.Search in Google Scholar
Cassinelli EH, Dean CL, Garcia RM, Furey CG, Bohlman HH. Ketorolac use for postoperative pain management following lumbar decompression surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(12):1313-7.Search in Google Scholar
Carr DB, Goudas LC. Acute pain. Lancet (London, England). 1999;353(9169):2051-8.Search in Google Scholar
10. Wu MH, Wong CH, Niu CC, Tsai TT, Chen LH, Chen WJ. A comparison of three types of postoperative pain control after posterior lumbar spinal surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(25):2224-31.Search in Google Scholar
Hutchison RW. Challenges in acute post-operative pain management. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2007;64(6 Suppl 4):S2-5.Search in Google Scholar
White PF. The changing role of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of postoperative pain. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2005;101(5 Suppl):S5-22.Search in Google Scholar
Armaghani SJ, Lee DS, Bible JE, Shau DN, Kay H, Zhang C, et al. Increased Preoperative Narcotic Use and Its Association With Postoperative Complications and Length of Hospital Stay in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery. Clinical spine surgery. 2016;29(2):E93-8.Search in Google Scholar
Pugely AJ, Martin CT, Gao Y, Mendoza-Lattes S. Causes and risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmissions after lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(9):761-8.Search in Google Scholar
Borghi B, D'Addabbo M, White PF, Gallerani P, Toccaceli L, Raffaeli W, et al. The use of prolonged peripheral neural blockade after lower extremity amputation: the effect on symptoms associated with phantom limb syndrome. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2010;111(5):1308-15.Search in Google Scholar
Boezaart AP, Davis G, Le-Wendling L. Recovery after orthopedic surgery: techniques to increase duration of pain control. Current opinion in anaesthesiology. 2012;25(6):665-72.Search in Google Scholar
Karst M, Kegel T, Lukas A, Ludemann W, Hussein S, Piepenbrock S. Effect of celecoxib and dexamethasone on postoperative pain after lumbar disc surgery. Neurosurgery. 2003;53(2):331-6; discussion 6-7.Search in Google Scholar
Unlugenc H, Vardar MA, Tetiker S. A comparative study of the analgesic effect of patient-controlled morphine, pethidine, and tramadol for postoperative pain management after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2008;106(1):309-12, table of contents.Search in Google Scholar
Tramer MR, Schneider J, Marti RA, Rifat K. Role of magnesium sulfate in postoperative analgesia. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(2):340-7.Search in Google Scholar
Wagstaff AJ, Bryson HM. Tizanidine. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of spasticity associated with cerebral and spinal disorders. Drugs. 1997;53(3):435-52.Search in Google Scholar
Tabari M, Alipour M, Esalati H. Evaluation of Oral Tiazinidine Effects on [intraoperative] Hemodynamic Responses During Direct Laryngoscopy Under General Anesthesia. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal. 2013;15(7):541-6.Search in Google Scholar
Takenaka M, Iida H, Kasamatsu M, Katoh H, Tashiro T, Dohi S. [Tizanidine for preanesthetic medication]. Masui The Japanese journal of anesthesiology. 1996;45(8):971-5.Search in Google Scholar
Wajima Z, Yoshikawa T, Ogura A, Imanaga K, Shiga T, Inoue T, et al. Oral tizanidine, an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, reduces the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in human adults. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2002;95(2):393-6, table of contents.Search in Google Scholar
Omote K, Satoh O, Sonoda H, Kumeta Y, Yamaya K, Namiki A. [Effects of oral alpha 2 adrenergic agonists, clonidine and tizanidine, on tetracaine spinal anesthesia]. Masui The Japanese journal of anesthesiology. 1995;44(6):816-23.Search in Google Scholar
Hord AH, Denson DD, Azevedo MI. Systemic tizanidine hydrochloride (Zanaflex) partially decreases experimental postoperative pain in rats. Anesthesia and analgesia. 2001;93(5):1307-9, table of contents.Search in Google Scholar
Ahiskalioglu A, Yayik AM, Oral Ahiskalioglu E, Dostbil A, Doymus O, Karadeniz E, et al. Ultrasoundguided bilateral superficial cervical block and preemptive single-dose oral tizanidine for post-thyroidectomy pain: a randomized-controlled double-blind study. Journal of anesthesia. 2018;32(2):219-26.Search in Google Scholar
Talakoub R, Abbasi S, Maghami E, Zavareh SM. The effect of oral tizanidine on postoperative pain relief after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Advanced biomedical research. 2016; 5:19.Search in Google Scholar
Rupani M, Alijanpour E, Banihashem N, Alipour A, Shirkhani Z, Solimanian S. Effect of Oral Tizanidine on Postoperative Pain after Perianal Surgery. Journal of Babol University Of Medical Sciences. 2013;15(4):7-11.Search in Google Scholar
Techanivate A, Dusitkasem S, Anuwattanavit C. Dexmedetomidine compare with fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in outpatient gynecologic laparoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand=Chotmaihet thangphaet. 2012;95(3): 383-90.Search in Google Scholar
Yazicioglu D, Caparlar C, Akkaya T, Mercan U, Kulacoglu H. Tizanidine for the management of acute postoperative pain after inguinal hernia repair: A placebocontrolled double-blind trial. European journal of anaesthesiology. 2016;33(3):215-22.Search in Google Scholar
Imanaga K, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Ogawa R. Effect of oral tizanidine on local-anesthetic infiltration pain during epidural catheterization. Journal of Nippon Medical School=Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi. 2004;71(2):105-10.Search in Google Scholar
