Rationale of screening for early kidney damage in patients with high cardiovascular risk: nephrologist’s point of view

[1] MacGregor MS. How common is early chronic kidney disease? A background paper prepared for the UK consensus conference on early chronic kidney disease. Nephrol DialTransplant 2007; 22(suppl 9):ix8-ix18.10.1093/ndt/gfm44417998238Search in Google Scholar

[2] Anderson S, Halter JB, HazzardWR, Himmelfarb J, Horne FM, Kaysen GA et al. Prediction, progression, and outcomes of chronic kidney disease in older adults. J Am SocNephrol 2009; 20:1199-1209.10.1681/ASN.200808086019470680Search in Google Scholar

[3] Department of Health. The national service framework for renal services. Part two: chronic kidney disease, acute renal failure and end of life care. COI: London, 2005.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, Levin A, Coresh J, Rossert J et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005; 67:2089-2100.10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00365.x15882252Search in Google Scholar

[5] Toussaint N. Screening for early kidney disease. The CARI guidelines. Published online, 2011, http://www.cari.org.au/DNT%20workshop%202011/4%20Screening_Early%20CKD_DNT.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Vassalotti JA, Li S, Chen SC, Collins AJ. Screening populations at increased risk of CKD: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and the public health problem. AmJ Kidney Dis 2009; 53:S107-S114.10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.07.04919231754Search in Google Scholar

[7] Ishani A, Grandits GA, Grimm RH, Svendsen KH, Collins AJ, Prineas RJ et al. Association of single measurements of dipstick proteinuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and hematocrit with 25-year incidence of end-stage renal disease in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. J AmSoc Nephrol 2006; 17:1444-1452.10.1681/ASN.200509101216611715Search in Google Scholar

[8] Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39(Suppl 1):S46-S75.10.1053/ajkd.2002.30943Search in Google Scholar

[9] Shafi T, Coresh J. Definition and classification of stages of chronic kidney disease: screening for chronic kidney disease. Cardiorenal syndrome. Springer, 2010.10.1007/978-88-470-1463-3_6Search in Google Scholar

[10] Mariat C, Maillard N, Phayphet M, Thibaudin L, Laporte S, Alamartine E et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate as an end point in kidney transplant trial: where do we stand? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23:33-38.10.1093/ndt/gfm70817967801Search in Google Scholar

[11] Jones GR, Lim EM. The National Kidney Foundation guideline on estimation of the glomerular filtration rate. Clin Biochem Rev 2003; 24:95-98.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Rule A. The CKD-EPI equation for estimating GFR from serum creatinine: real improvement ormore of the same? CJASN 2010; 5:951-953.10.2215/CJN.0311041020448068Search in Google Scholar

[13] Nyman H, Dowling T, Hudson J, Wendy L, Joy M, Nolin TD. Use of the Cockcroft-Gault versus the MDRD study equation to dose medications: an opinion of the nephrology practice and research network of the American College of clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 2011; 31:1130-1144.10.1592/phco.31.11.113022026399Search in Google Scholar

[14] Stevens LA, Nolin TD, Richardson MM, Feldman HI, Lewis JB, Rodby R et al. comparison of drug dosing recommendations based onmeasured GFR and kidney function estimating equations. AJKD 2009; 54:33-42.10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.03.008275666219446939Search in Google Scholar

[15] Vervoort G, Willems H, Wetzels J. Assessment of glomerular filtration rate in healthy subjects and normoalbuminuric diabetic patients: validity of a new (MDRD) prediction equation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:1909-1913.10.1093/ndt/17.11.190912401845Search in Google Scholar

[16] Delanaye P, Cavalier E, Mariat C, Mailard N, Krzesinski JM. MDRD or CKD-EPI study equations for estimating prevalence of stage 3 CKD in epidemiological studies: which difference? Is this difference relevant? BMCNephrology 2010; 11:8.10.1186/1471-2369-11-8289173320515483Search in Google Scholar

[17] Delanaye P, Cohen E. Formula-based estimates of the GFR: equations variable and uncertain. Nephron Clin Pract 2008; 110:c48-c54.10.1159/00015143618708727Search in Google Scholar

[18] Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:604-612.10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006276356419414839Search in Google Scholar

[19] Matsushita K, Mahmoodi BK, Woodward M, Emberson JR, Jafar TH, Jee SH et al. Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD Study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA 2012; 307:1941-1951.10.1001/jama.2012.3954383743022570462Search in Google Scholar

[20] Kilbride HS, Stevens PE, Eaglestone G, Knight S, Carter JL, Delaney MP et al. Accuracy of the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) study and CKD-EPI (CKD Epidemiology Collaboration) equations for estimation of GFR in the elderly. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 61:57-66.10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.06.01622889713Search in Google Scholar

[21] Pugliese G, Solini A, Bonora E, Orsi E, Zerbini G, Giorgino F et al. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation provides a better definition of cardiovascular burden associated with CKD than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study formula in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:194-199.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.03521612781Search in Google Scholar

[22] Miller WG, Bruns DE, Hortin GL, Sandberg S, Aakre KM, McQueen MJ et al. Current issues in measurementand reporting of urinary albumin excretion. Clin Chem 2009; 55:24-38.10.1373/clinchem.2008.10656719028824Search in Google Scholar

[23] MillerWG, Bruns DE. Laboratory issues in measuring and reporting urine albumin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:717-718.10.1093/ndt/gfp02219225022Search in Google Scholar

[24] Mura-Galelli MJ, Voegel JC, Behr S, Bres EF, Schaaf P. Adsorption/desorption of human serum albumin on hydroxyapatite: a critical analysis of the Langmuir model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:5557-5561.10.1073/pnas.88.13.5557519161648222Search in Google Scholar

[25] Comper WD, Osicka TM. Detection of urinary albumin. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2005; 12:170-176.10.1053/j.ackd.2005.01.01215822052Search in Google Scholar

[26] Methven S, MacGregor MS, Traynor JP, O‘Reilly DS, Deighan CJ. Assessing proteinuria in chronic kidney disease: protein-creatinine ratio versus albumin-creatinine ratio. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2991-2996.10.1093/ndt/gfq14020237054Search in Google Scholar

[27] Comper WD, Jerums G, Osicka TM. Differences in urinary albumin detected by four immunoassays and high-performance liquid chromatography. Clin Biochem 2004; 37:105.10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.00814725940Search in Google Scholar

[28] Shaikh A, Seegmiller JC, Borland TM, Burns BE, Ladwig PM, Singh RJ et al. Comparison between immunoturbidimetry, size-exclusion chromatography, and LC-MS to quantify urinary albumin. Clin Chem 2008; 54:1504-1510.10.1373/clinchem.2008.107508390315018617580Search in Google Scholar

[29] McQueen MJ, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Mann JF, Yusuf S. Reevaluation by high performance liquid chromatography: clinical significance of microalbuminuria in individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48:889-896.10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.09.00317162143Search in Google Scholar

[30] Clase CM, St Pierre MW, Churchill DN. Conversion between bromcresol green- and bromcresol purplemeasured albumin in renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:1925-1929.10.1093/ndt/16.9.192511522881Search in Google Scholar

[31] Pedrinelli R, Penno G, Dell‘Omo G, Bandinelli S, Giorgi D, Di Bello V et al. Microalbuminuria and transcapillary albumin leakage in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1999; 34:491-495.10.1161/01.HYP.34.3.49110489399Search in Google Scholar

[32] Chen YH, Chen HS, Tarng DC. More impact of microalbuminuria on retinopathy than moderately reduced GFR among type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:803-808.10.2337/dc11-1955330827522338100Search in Google Scholar

[33] Berni A, Ciani E, Bernetti M, Cecioni I, Berardino S, Poggesi L et al. Renal resistive index and low-grade inflammation in patients with essential hypertension. J HumHypertens 2012; 26:723-730.10.1038/jhh.2011.9321993489Search in Google Scholar

[34] Umemura T, Kawamura T, Sakakibara T, Mashita S, Hotta N, Sobue G. Microalbuminuria is independently associated with deep or infratentorial brain microbleeds in hypertensive adults. Am J Hypertens 2012; 25:430-436.10.1038/ajh.2011.254Search in Google Scholar

[35] Sierra C, Lopez-Soto A, Coca A. Connecting cerebral white matter lesions and hypertensive target organ damage. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:438978.10.4061/2011/438978Search in Google Scholar

[36] Jørgensen L, Jenssen T, Johnsen SH, Mathiesen EB, Heuch I, Joakimsen O et al. Albuminuria as risk factor for initiation and progression of carotid atherosclerosis in non-diabetic persons: the Tromsø Study. Eur Heart 2007; 28:363-369.10.1093/eurheartj/ehl394Search in Google Scholar

[37] Joosten H, Izaks GJ, Slaets JP, de Jong PE, Visser ST, Bilo HJ et al. Association of cognitive function with albuminuria and eGFR in the general population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6:1400-1409.10.2215/CJN.05530610Search in Google Scholar

[38] Heringa SM, van den Berg E, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Kessels RP, Kappelle LJ et al. Albuminuria and cognitive functioning in an older population: The Hoorn Study. DementGeriatr Cogn Disord 2011; 32:182-187.10.1159/000333076Search in Google Scholar

[39] Manaviat MR, Afkhami M, Shoja MR. Retinopathy and microalbuminuria in type II diabetic patients. BMC Ophthalmol 2004; 4:9.10.1186/1471-2415-4-9Search in Google Scholar

[40] Navarro-González JF, Mora C, Muros M, García J, Donate J, Cazaña V. Relationship between inflammation and microalbuminuria in prehypertension. J Hum Hypertens2013; 27:119-125.10.1038/jhh.2011.118Search in Google Scholar

[41] Shantha GP, Kumar AA, Bhaskar E, Sivagnanam K, Srinivasan D, Sundaresan M et al. Hypertensive retinal changes, a screening tool to predict microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study. NephrolDial Transplant 2010; 25:1839-1845.10.1093/ndt/gfp726Search in Google Scholar

[42] Wu CK, Yang CY, Tsai CT, Chiu FC, Huang YT, Lee JK et al. Association of low glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with peripheral arterial disease: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. Atherosclerosis 2010; 209:230-234.10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.038Search in Google Scholar

[43] Mensah GA, Croft JB, Giles WH. The heart, kidney, and brain as target organs in hypertension. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20:225-247.10.1016/S0733-8651(02)00004-8Search in Google Scholar

[44] Feldt-Rasmussen B. Microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. Diabetes Metab 2000; 26(Suppl 4):64-66.Search in Google Scholar

[45] Iseki K, Kinjo K, Iseki C, Takishita S. Relationship between predicted creatinine clearance and proteinuria and the risk of developing ESRD in Okinawa, Japan. Am J KidneyDis 2004; 44:806-814.10.1016/S0272-6386(04)01080-7Search in Google Scholar

[46] Chadban SJ, Briganti EM, Kerr PG, Dunstan DW,Welborn TA, Zimmet PZ et al. Prevalence of kidney damage in Australian adults: The AusDiab kidney study. J Am SocNephrol 2003; 14(7 Suppl 2):S131-S138. 10.1097/01.ASN.0000070152.11927.4A12819318Search in Google Scholar

[47] Viktorsdottir O, Palsson R, Andresdottir MB, Aspelund T, Gudnason V, Indridason OS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease based on estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria in Icelandic adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:1799-1807.10.1093/ndt/gfh91415928100Search in Google Scholar

[48] Garg AX, Kiberd BA, Clark WF, Haynes RB, Clase CM. Albuminuria and renal insufficiency prevalence guides population screening: results from the NHANES III. KidneyInt 2002; 61:2165-2175.10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00356.x12028457Search in Google Scholar

[49] Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknovan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Kid Dis 2003; 41:1-12.10.1053/ajkd.2003.5000712500213Search in Google Scholar

[50] Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D, Astor BC, Briggs JP, Eggers PW, Lacher DA, Hostetter TH. Chronic kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults, 1999 to 2000. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:180-188.10.1681/ASN.200407053915563563Search in Google Scholar

[51] Hallan SI, Coresh J, Astor BC, Asberg A, Powe NR, Romundstad S et al. International comparison of the relationship of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:2275-2284. 8 10.1681/ASN.200512127316790511Search in Google Scholar