Gender Based Violence in North Macedonia: Cultural, Legal, and Economic Perspectives Under the Istanbul Convention

Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most widespread phenomena globally. As one of the most severe forms of violence, it seriously violates fundamental human rights and freedoms, manifesting itself on both national and international levels. North Macedonia, like many other countries, is significantly affected by this issue. As a signatory to the Istanbul Convention, North Macedonia has undertaken a series of measures aimed at preventing and protecting individuals from GBV. However, due to persistent shortcomings and influencing factors particularly cultural, legal, and economic efforts to combat this phenomenon remain insufficient and call for a more serious and inclusive approach.

In light of these challenges, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of gender-based violence in North Macedonia within the framework of the Istanbul Convention, with particular focus on the cultural, legal, and economic factors that influence both its emergence and the institutional response. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach by examining legal, political, and socio-economic data, as well as official documents and reports from local and international organizations.

Findings indicate that, despite notable progress in aligning domestic legislation with the Convention, practical implementation remains problematic due to structural barriers, lack of institutional resources, and the persistence of traditional and patriarchal norms. Economically, women’s financial dependency and inequality in the labor market often prevent victims from escaping the cycle of violence.

This study highlights the need for a comprehensive and coordinated response involving state institutions, civil society, and local communities. Particular emphasis is placed on education, the economic empowerment of women, and the professional training of those working in the field. The recommendations aim to enhance current policies and promote the effective implementation of the Istanbul Convention as a crucial step toward building a more just and safe society for all.