Integrating Low-temperature Waste Heat in District Heating Systems. Legal Framework and Pricing

[1] REPowerEU Plan. [Online]. [Accessed 26.11.2023]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:fc930f14-d7ae-11ec-a95f-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF Search in Google Scholar

[2] Fit for 55. [Online]. [Accessed 26.10.2023]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0550 Search in Google Scholar

[3] European Commission: Directorate-General for Energy, Bacquet, A., Galindo Fernández, M., Oger, A., Themessl, N. et al., District heating and cooling in the European Union – Overview of markets and regulatory frameworks under the revised Renewable Energy Directive, Publications Office of the European Union, 2022. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/962525 Search in Google Scholar

[4] Bürger V., Steinbach J., Kranzl L., Müller A. Third party access to district heating systems – Challenges for the practical implementation. Energy Policy 2019:132:881–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.06.050 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Buffa S., Cozzini M., D’Antoni M., Baratieri M., Fedrizzi R. 5^th generation district heating and cooling systems: A review of existing cases in Europe. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019:104:504–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.059 Search in Google Scholar

[6] Brueckner S., Miró L., Cabeza L. F., Pehnt M., Laevemann E. Methods to estimate the industrial waste heat potential of regions – A categorization and literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014:38:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.078 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Directives (EU) 2018/2001 of the European parliament and of the council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast). Official Journal of the European Union 2018: L 328/82 Search in Google Scholar

[8] Neugebauer G., Kretschmer F., Kollmann R., Narodoslawsky M., Ertl T., Stoeglehner G. Mapping thermal energy resource potentials from wastewater treatment plants. Sustainability (Switzerland) 2015:7(10):12988–13010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71012988 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Pelda J., Holler S. Spatial distribution of the theoretical potential of waste heat from sewage: A statistical approach. Energy 2019:180:751–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.133 Search in Google Scholar

[10] European Commission. Directorate-General for Energy, Breitschopf, B., Wohlfarth, K., Schlomann, B., Billerbeck, A., et al., Overview of heating and cooling: perceptions, markets and regulatory frameworks for decarbonisation: final report, Publications Office of the European Union, 2023. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/962558 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Billerbeck A. et al. Policy frameworks for district heating: A comprehensive overview and analysis of regulations and support measures across Europe. Energy Policy 2023:173:113377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113377 Search in Google Scholar

[12] Billerbeck A., Breitschopf B., Preuß S., Winkler J., Ragwitz M., Keles D. Perception of district heating in Europe: A deep dive into influencing factors and the role of regulation. Energy Policy 2024:184:113860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113860 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Lund H. et al. 4th Generation District Heating (4GDH): Integrating smart thermal grids into future sustainable energy systems. Energy 2014:68:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.089 Search in Google Scholar

[14] Revesz A. et al. Developing novel 5^th generation district energy networks. Energy 2020:201:117389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117389 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Ononogbo C. et al. Opportunities of waste heat recovery from various sources: Review of technologies and implementation. Heliyon 2023:9(2):e13590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13590 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Ziemele J., Gravelsins A., Blumberga A., Blumberga D. Sustainability of heat energy tariff in district heating system: Statistic and dynamic methodologies. Energy 2017:137:834–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.130 Search in Google Scholar

[17] Lygnerud K., Fransson N., Klugman S. Stakeholder interfaces for excess heat-based urban heat supply – Input from Swedish cases. City and Environment Interactions 2024:23:100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100146 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Moser S., Puschnigg S., Rodin V. Designing the Heat Merit Order to determine the value of industrial waste heat for district heating systems. Energy 2020:200:117579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117579 Search in Google Scholar

[19] Jerez Monsalves J., Bergaentzlé C., Keles D. Waste-heat recovery utilisation for district heating systems under diverse pricing schemes: A bi-level modelling approach. Applied Energy 2024:375:124032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124032 Search in Google Scholar

[20] Enerģētikas likums (Energy law). [Online]. [Accessed 08.10.2023]. Available: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/49833-energetikas-likums (In Latvian). Search in Google Scholar

[21] Salaspils novada siltumapgādes attīstības noteikumi (The regulations for the development of heat supply in Salaspils region). [Online]. [Accessed 08.10.2023]. Available: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/327314-salaspils-novada-siltumapgadesattistibas-noteikumi (In Latvian). Search in Google Scholar

[22] Siltumenerģijas apgādes pakalpojumu tarifu aprēķināšanas metodika (Methodology for calculating tariffs for heat energy supply services). [Online]. [Accessed 08.10.2023]. Available: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/208283-siltumenergijasapgades-pakalpojumu-tarifu-aprekinasanas-metodika (In Latvian). Search in Google Scholar

[23] Pakere I., Blumberga D., Kamenders A., Vītoliņš V. Does district heating tariff motivate energy efficiency improvement? Energy Reports 2021:7:410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.087 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Sarma U., Bazbauers G. Algorithm for calculation of district heating tariff benchmark. Energy Procedia 2017:128:445–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.029 Search in Google Scholar

[25] Ziemele J., Vigants G., Vitolins V., Blumberga D., Veidenbergs I. District heating systems performance analyses. Heat energy tariff. Environmental and Climate Technologies 2014:13(1):32–43. https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2014-0005 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Pakere I., Blumberga D., Volkova A., Lepiksaar K., Zirne A. Valorisation of Waste Heat in Existing and Future District Heating Systems. Energies 2023:16(19):6796. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196796 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Więckowski J., Sałabun W. Sensitivity analysis approaches in multi-criteria decision analysis: A systematic review. Appl Soft Comput 2023:148:110915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110915 Search in Google Scholar