Brewing Indigenisation, Filtering Westernisation: A Socio-Historical Study of Locally Brewed Alcoholic Drinks in Bhutan

Bray, J. W. 2005. “Alcohol use, human capital and wages.” Journal of Labor Economics 23, no. 2 (August): 279–312. BrayJ. W. 2005 “Alcohol use, human capital and wages.” Journal of Labor Economics 23 2 August 279 312 Search in Google Scholar

Chakravarty, J., G. D. Sharma, and J. P. Tamang. 2013. “Indigenous technology for food processing by the tribes of Dima Masao (North Cachar Hills) district of Assam for social security.” In Food and Environmental Security: Imperatives of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, edited by D. Das, 32–45. Jaipur: Agrobios. ChakravartyJ. SharmaG. D. TamangJ. P. 2013 “Indigenous technology for food processing by the tribes of Dima Masao (North Cachar Hills) district of Assam for social security.” In Food and Environmental Security: Imperatives of Indigenous Knowledge Systems edited by DasD. 32 45 Jaipur Agrobios Search in Google Scholar

Dahlheimer, T. 2009. “Alcohol was used to Commit Atrocities against Natives.” Message Media. Accessed April 18, 2009. https://www.messagemedia.co/millelacs/opinion/blogs/alcohol-was-used-to-commit-atrocities-against-natives/article_e9c018bb-816b-5d79-a91b-2975a4e7fe8d.html. DahlheimerT. 2009 “Alcohol was used to Commit Atrocities against Natives.” Message Media Accessed April 18, 2009. https://www.messagemedia.co/millelacs/opinion/blogs/alcohol-was-used-to-commit-atrocities-against-natives/article_e9c018bb-816b-5d79-a91b-2975a4e7fe8d.html. Search in Google Scholar

De Sousa Santos, B. 2008. “The World Social Forum and the Global Left.” Politics & Society 36, no. 2 (April): 247–70. De Sousa SantosB. 2008 “The World Social Forum and the Global Left.” Politics & Society 36 2 April 247 70 Search in Google Scholar

Dema, C. 2018. “Tales of How the King of Bhutan Drank Ara from the Hands of Poison Givers to Dispel Superstitions.” Daily Bhutan. Accessed October 20, 2018. https://dailybhutan.com/article/tales-of-how-the-king-of-bhutan-drank-ara-from-the-hands-of-poison-givers-to-dispel-superstitions. DemaC. 2018 “Tales of How the King of Bhutan Drank Ara from the Hands of Poison Givers to Dispel Superstitions.” Daily Bhutan Accessed October 20, 2018. https://dailybhutan.com/article/tales-of-how-the-king-of-bhutan-drank-ara-from-the-hands-of-poison-givers-to-dispel-superstitions. Search in Google Scholar

Denkar, T. 2020. “Amazing Stories from the Eastern Part of Bhutan.” Daily Bhutan. Accessed November 17, 2021. https://dailybhutan.com/article/amazing-stories-from-the-eastern-part-of-bhutan. DenkarT. 2020 “Amazing Stories from the Eastern Part of Bhutan.” Daily Bhutan Accessed November 17, 2021. https://dailybhutan.com/article/amazing-stories-from-the-eastern-part-of-bhutan. Search in Google Scholar

Dorji, C. 2007. “The Myth behind Alcohol Happiness.” In Rethinking Development: Proceedings of Second International Conference on Gross National Happiness, edited by Conference Organizers, 64–77. Thimphu: The Centre for Bhutan Studies. DorjiC. 2007 “The Myth behind Alcohol Happiness.” In Rethinking Development: Proceedings of Second International Conference on Gross National Happiness edited by Conference Organizers 64 77 Thimphu The Centre for Bhutan Studies Search in Google Scholar

Dorji, L. 2011. Alcohol Use and Abuse in Bhutan (Monograph 1). Thimphu: National Statistics Bureau. DorjiL. 2011 Alcohol Use and Abuse in Bhutan (Monograph 1) Thimphu National Statistics Bureau Search in Google Scholar

Dunbar-Ortiz, R., and D. Gilio-Whitaker. 2016. “What's Behind the Myth of Native American Colonialism.” Pacific Standard. Accessed November 17, 2021. https://psmag.com/news/whats-behind-the-myth-of-native-american-alcoholism. Dunbar-OrtizR. Gilio-WhitakerD. 2016 “What's Behind the Myth of Native American Colonialism.” Pacific Standard Accessed November 17, 2021. https://psmag.com/news/whats-behind-the-myth-of-native-american-alcoholism. Search in Google Scholar

Ghosh, C., and A. P. Das. 2004. “Preparation of Rice Beer by the Tribal Inhabitants of Tea Gardens in Terai of West Bengal.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3 (June): 374–82. GhoshC. DasA. P. 2004 “Preparation of Rice Beer by the Tribal Inhabitants of Tea Gardens in Terai of West Bengal.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3 June 374 82 Search in Google Scholar

Gyeltshen, D. 1999. “The Ara Distillation Process: Production of Tradition Brew.” In Bhutanese Indigenous knowledge, edited by Karma Ura and Madhavi Madandavi, 198–210. Paro: National Museum of Bhutan. GyeltshenD. 1999 “The Ara Distillation Process: Production of Tradition Brew.” In Bhutanese Indigenous knowledge edited by UraKarma MadandaviMadhavi 198 210 Paro National Museum of Bhutan Search in Google Scholar

Gyeltshen, T., P. Tshering, L. Dorji, L. Tshering, K. Dorji, B.N. Subedi, D. Tshering, et al. 2021. “Alcohol Policy Compliance Among Retailers in Bhutan: A Multisite Community Intervention Study.” BMC Public Health 21 (October): 1–11. GyeltshenT. TsheringP. DorjiL. TsheringL. DorjiK. SubediB.N. TsheringD. 2021 “Alcohol Policy Compliance Among Retailers in Bhutan: A Multisite Community Intervention Study.” BMC Public Health 21 October 1 11 Search in Google Scholar

Harding, S. 2003. The Life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa. New York: Snow Lion Publications. HardingS. 2003 The Life and Revelations of Pema Lingpa New York Snow Lion Publications Search in Google Scholar

Houston, G. W. 2008. Wings of the White Crane. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. HoustonG. W. 2008 Wings of the White Crane New Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Search in Google Scholar

Mandelbaum, D. G. 1965. “Alcohol and Culture.” Current Anthropology 6 (September): 281–93. MandelbaumD. G. 1965 “Alcohol and Culture.” Current Anthropology 6 September 281 93 Search in Google Scholar

Namgyal, S. 2005. “Arak Culture: An Intangible Cultural Heritage of Bhutan.” In Proceedings of the 5th Colloquium on Tangible and Intangible Culture of Bhutan, edited by Khenpo Tashi, 415–39. Paro: National Museum of Bhutan. NamgyalS. 2005 “Arak Culture: An Intangible Cultural Heritage of Bhutan.” In Proceedings of the 5th Colloquium on Tangible and Intangible Culture of Bhutan edited by TashiKhenpo 415 39 Paro National Museum of Bhutan Search in Google Scholar

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. 2020. “Decolonization, Decoloniality and the Future of African Studies: A Conversation with Dr. Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni.” Interview by Duncan Omanga. Items: insights for the Social Sciences, SSRC. Accessed November 17, 2021. https://items.ssrc.org/from-our-programs/decolonization-decoloniality-and-the-future-of-african-studies-a-conversation-with-dr-sabelondlovu-gatsheni/. Ndlovu-GatsheniS. J. 2020 “Decolonization, Decoloniality and the Future of African Studies: A Conversation with Dr. Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni.” Interview by Duncan Omanga Items: insights for the Social Sciences SSRC Accessed November 17, 2021. https://items.ssrc.org/from-our-programs/decolonization-decoloniality-and-the-future-of-african-studies-a-conversation-with-dr-sabelondlovu-gatsheni/. Search in Google Scholar

Pommaret, F. 1994. “On Local and Mountain Deities in Bhutan.” Le culte des montagnes sacrées dans l’aire tibétaine et tibétobirmane (January): 39–56. PommaretF. 1994 “On Local and Mountain Deities in Bhutan.” Le culte des montagnes sacrées dans l’aire tibétaine et tibétobirmane January 39 56 Search in Google Scholar

Quijano, A. 2007. “Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality.” Cultural Studies 21, no. 2–3 (April): 168–78. QuijanoA. 2007 “Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality.” Cultural Studies 21 2–3 April 168 78 Search in Google Scholar

Roy, B., C. P. Kala, N. A. Farooque, and B. S. Majila. 2004. “Indigenous Fermented Food and Beverages: A Potential for Economic Development of the High Altitude Societies in Uttaranchal.” Journal of Human Ecology 15: 45–9. RoyB. KalaC. P. FarooqueN. A. MajilaB. S. 2004 “Indigenous Fermented Food and Beverages: A Potential for Economic Development of the High Altitude Societies in Uttaranchal.” Journal of Human Ecology 15 45 9 Search in Google Scholar

Royal Government of Bhutan. 2019. The National Policy and Strategic Framework to Reduce Harmful Use of Alcohol (2013–2018). Thimphu: National Statistics Bureau. Royal Government of Bhutan 2019 The National Policy and Strategic Framework to Reduce Harmful Use of Alcohol (2013–2018) Thimphu National Statistics Bureau Search in Google Scholar

Saono, S., I. Gandjar, T. Basuki, and H. Karsono. 1974. “Mycoflora of Ragi and Some Other Traditional Fermented Foods of Indonesia.” Annales Bogorienses 4 (April): 187–204. SaonoS. GandjarI. BasukiT. KarsonoH. 1974 “Mycoflora of Ragi and Some Other Traditional Fermented Foods of Indonesia.” Annales Bogorienses 4 April 187 204 Search in Google Scholar

Sekar, S. 2007. “Traditional Alcoholic Beverages from Ayurveda and their Role on the Human Health.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6 (Spring): 144–9. SekarS. 2007 “Traditional Alcoholic Beverages from Ayurveda and their Role on the Human Health.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 6 Spring 144 9 Search in Google Scholar

Snipe, C. 2001. “What Does the Bible Say About Alcohol?” Crosswalk. Accessed February 4, 2022. https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/spiritual-life/what-does-the-bible-say-about-alcohol-1120038.html. SnipeC. 2001 “What Does the Bible Say About Alcohol?” Crosswalk Accessed February 4, 2022. https://www.crosswalk.com/faith/spiritual-life/what-does-the-bible-say-about-alcohol-1120038.html. Search in Google Scholar

Staff Reporter. 2016. “Jinlab or Blessings.” Kuensel Online. Accessed March 9, 2016. https://kuenselonline.com/jinlab-or-blessings/. Staff Reporter 2016 “Jinlab or Blessings.” Kuensel Online Accessed March 9, 2016. https://kuenselonline.com/jinlab-or-blessings/. Search in Google Scholar

Steyn, M. 2015. “Critical Diversity Literacy: Essentials for the 21st Century.” In Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies, edited by S. Vertovec, 379–89. London & New York: Routledge. SteynM. 2015 “Critical Diversity Literacy: Essentials for the 21st Century.” In Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies edited by VertovecS. 379 89 London & New York Routledge Search in Google Scholar

Tamang, J. P. 2010. “Diversity of Fermented Beverages and Alcoholic Drinks.” In Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World, edited by J. Prakash, 85–125. Florida: CRC Press. TamangJ. P. 2010 “Diversity of Fermented Beverages and Alcoholic Drinks.” In Fermented Foods and Beverages of the World edited by PrakashJ. 85 125 Florida CRC Press Search in Google Scholar

Thakur, N., Savitri, and Bhalla, T. C. 2004. “Characterization of Some Traditional Foods and Beverages of Himachal Pradesh.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3, no. 3 (June): 325–35. ThakurN. Savitri BhallaT. C. 2004 “Characterization of Some Traditional Foods and Beverages of Himachal Pradesh.” Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3 3 June 325 35 Search in Google Scholar

Troy, E. 2016. “Origin of the Word Alcohol.” Culinary Lore. Accessed August 17, 2019. https://culinarylore.com/food-history:origin-of-the-word-alcohol/. TroyE. 2016 “Origin of the Word Alcohol.” Culinary Lore Accessed August 17, 2019. https://culinarylore.com/food-history:origin-of-the-word-alcohol/. Search in Google Scholar

Ura, K. 2005. “The Bhutanese Development Story.” Centre for Bhutan Studies. Accessed November 17, 2021. https://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/Monograph/mono-1en-bt-dev-stry.pdf. UraK. 2005 “The Bhutanese Development Story.” Centre for Bhutan Studies Accessed November 17, 2021. https://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/Monograph/mono-1en-bt-dev-stry.pdf. Search in Google Scholar

wa Thiong’o, N. 1986. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. New York: Heinemann. wa Thiong’oN. 1986 Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature New York Heinemann Search in Google Scholar

wa Thiong’o, N. 2009. Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance. New York: Basic Civitas Books. wa Thiong’oN. 2009 Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance New York Basic Civitas Books Search in Google Scholar

Zerubavel, E. 2004. Time Maps: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ZerubavelE. 2004 Time Maps: Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past Chicago University of Chicago Press Search in Google Scholar