Prevalence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and association with coronary artery calcifications in Slovenia

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 2.

Characteristics of the cohort

	DISH	no DISH	p-value
Age (years), mean (SD)	67.3 ± 10.1	60.5 ± 12.2	0.029
Gender (f/m), N	5/12	99/103	0.120
Weight (kg), mean (SD)	96.6 ± 20.3	84.5 ± 17.5	0.008
Height (cm), mean (SD)	170.9 ± 6.5	171.0 ± 9.7	0.980
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)	32.8 ± 7.2	28.9 ± 5.3	0.011
Family history of cardiovascular disease, N (%)	11 (64.7%)	119 (59.2%)	0.657
Diabetes, N (%)	6 (35.3%)	25 (12.4%)	0.010
Hypercholesterolemia, N (%)	6 (35.3%)	51 (25.4%)	0.371
Hypertension, N (%)	12 (70.6%)	110 (54.7%)	0.206
Current smoker, N (%)	2 (11.8%)	38 (18.9%)	0.465
Angina pectoris, N (%)	4 (23.5%)	92 (44%)	0.076
Metabolic syndrome, N (%)	7 (43.8%)	25 (13.0%)	0.001
EAT attenuation (HU), mean (SD)	-98.5 ± 11.8	-101.7 ± 13.0	0.347
NAFLD	5 (29.4%)	52 (26.0%)	0.759
CACS (au) = 0	2 (11.8%)	68 (33.8%)	0.063
CACS (au), median (IQR)	101.0 (4.7-569.0)	27.3 (0-391.8)	0.241
Calcifications in proximal thoracic aorta, median (IQR)	196.4 (12.3-759.5)	14.3 (0-244.6)	0.023
Calcifications in aortic root, median (IQR)	146.8 (8.3-758.0)	1.8 (0-175.0)	0.013
Calcifications in ascending aorta, median (IQR)	2.1 (0-35.2)	0.0 (0-3.9)	0.109
Myocardial infarction, N (%)	1 (6.0%)	12 (6.0%)	0.988

Prevalence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) among Agatson coronary artery calcification score (CACS) categories

	CACS = 0 (N = 70)	CACS > 0 and < 100 (N = 62)	CACS = 100–400 (N = 33)	CACS > 400 (N = 53)
DISH	2.8%	10.3%	6.6%	13.3%
No DISH	97.2%	89.7%	93.4%	86.7%

Association of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) attenuation with conventional coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors and CT parameters

Variable	EAT attenuation (HU)	p-value
Gender	M - 98.3 ± 11.3F - 105.4 ± 13.6	< 0.001
NAFLD	Y - 98.3 ± 12.8N - 102.7 ± 12.8	0.022
Family history of cardiovascular disease	Y - 100.1 ± 12.8N - 104.5 ± 14.1	0.261
Diabetes	Y - 104.2 ± 14.3N - 101.3 ± 13.3	0.883
Hypercholesterolemia	Y - 99.4 ± 13.5N - 102.6 ± 13.3	0.402
Hypertension	Y - 99.2 ± 12.4N - 105.2 ± 14.1	0.129
Smoking	Y - 97.8 ± 13.3N - 102.9 ± 13.3	0.361
Regular physical activity	Y - 101.6 ± 12.8N - 101.9 ± 14.4	0.653
	Correlation coefficient
CACS (Agatson)	0.306	< 0.001
CACS per vessel
LM	0.159	0.018
LAD	0.247	< 0.001
LCX	0.269	< 0.001
RCA	0.289	< 0.001
Calcifications in proximal thoracic aorta	0.110	0.103
Calcifications in aortic root	0.082	0.226
Calcifications in ascending aorta	0.172	0.011
Age	0.006	0.834
BMI	0.243	< 0.001

Univariate logistic regression analysis with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) status as the dependent factor

Variable	units	OR	p-value
Age	+ 1 year	1.055	0.032
Gender	Male vs. female	2.307	0.129
BMI	+ 1 kg/m2	1.133	0.005
Diabetes	Present vs. absent	3.840	0.015
Hypertension	Present vs. absent	1.985	0.213
Hypercholesterolemia	Present vs. absent	0.623	0.375
Smoking	Present vs. absent	1.748	0.470

Multinomial multivariate logistic regression analysis on the association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and coronary artery calcification score (CACS) category

CACS category	gender		age		hypertension		EAT attenuation
	OR	p-value	OR	p-value	OR	p-value	OR	p-value
>0 and <100	3.515	0.008	1.087	<0.001	3.956	0.001	0.980	0.225
100-400	7.583	<0.001	1.156	<0.001	5.023	0.003	1.005	0.804
> 400	16.786	<0.001	1.227	<0.001	5.423	0.001	1.052	0.022