This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR. Anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinoma. In: Nikiforov YE, Biddinger PW, Thompson LDR, editors. Diagnostic pathology and molecular genetics of the thyroid, 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2012. p. 263-84.NikiforovYESeethalaRRAnaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinomaNikiforovYEBiddingerPWThompsonLDReditorsDiagnostic pathology and molecular genetics of the thyroid2nd editionPhiladelphiaLippincott Williams and Wilkins2012p26384Search in Google Scholar
Besic N, Gazic B. Sites of metastases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: autopsy findings in 45 cases from a single institution. Thyroid 2013; 23: 709-73. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0252BesicNGazicBSites of metastases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: autopsy findings in 45 cases from a single institutionThyroid2013237097310.1089/thy.2012.0252Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Untch BR, Olson JA Jr.. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, thyroid lymphoma, and metastasis to thyroid. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2006; 15: 661-79. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2006.05.006UntchBROlsonJA JrAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma, thyroid lymphoma, and metastasis to thyroidSurg Oncol Clin N Am2006156617910.1016/j.soc.2006.05.006Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ain KB. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a therapeutic challenge. Semin Surg Oncol 1999; 16: 64-9. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199901/02)16:1<64::aid-ssu10>3.0.co;2-uAinKBAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a therapeutic challengeSemin Surg Oncol19991664910.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199901/02)16:1<64::aid-ssu10>3.0.co;2-uOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ain KB. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: behavior, biology, and therapeutic approaches. Thyroid 1998; 8: 715-26. doi: 10.1089/thy.1998.8.715AinKBAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma: behavior, biology, and therapeutic approachesThyroid199887152610.1089/thy.1998.8.715Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sugitani I, Kasai N, Fujimoto Y, Yanagisawa A. Prognostic factors and therapeutic strategy for anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 2011; 25: 617-622. doi: 10.1007/s002680020166SugitaniIKasaiNFujimotoYYanagisawaAPrognostic factors and therapeutic strategy for anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroidWorld J Surg20112561762210.1007/s002680020166Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hvilsom GB, Londero SC, Hahn CH, Schytte S, Pedersen HB, Christiansen P, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in Denmark 1996-2012: a national prospective study of 219 patients. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 53: 65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.01.011HvilsomGBLonderoSCHahnCHSchytteSPedersenHBChristiansenPet alAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma in Denmark 1996-2012: a national prospective study of 219 patientsCancer Epidemiol201853657110.1016/j.canep.2018.01.011Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Besic N, Hocevar M, Zgajnar J. Lower incidence of anaplastic carcinoma after higher iodination of salt in Slovenia. Thyroid 2010; 20: 623-6. doi: 10.1089/thy.2009.0404BesicNHocevarMZgajnarJLower incidence of anaplastic carcinoma after higher iodination of salt in SloveniaThyroid201020623610.1089/thy.2009.0404Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Institute of Oncology Ljubljana. Epidemiology and Cancer Registry. Ljubljana: Institute of Oncology Ljubljana. [cited 2019 Aug 28]. Available at: https://www.onko-i.si/eng/sectors/epidemiology-and-cancer-registryInstitute of Oncology LjubljanaEpidemiology and Cancer RegistryLjubljanaInstitute of Oncology Ljubljanacited2019Aug 28Available athttps://www.onko-i.si/eng/sectors/epidemiology-and-cancer-registrySearch in Google Scholar
Besic N, Auersperg M, Us-Krasovec M, Golouh, R, Frkovic-Grazio S, Vodnik A. Effect of primary treatment on survival in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2001; 27: 260-4. doi: 10.1053/ejso.2000.1098BesicNAuerspergMUs-KrasovecMGolouhRFrkovic-GrazioSVodnikAEffect of primary treatment on survival in anaplastic thyroid carcinomaEur J Surg Oncol200127260410.1053/ejso.2000.1098Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Besic N, Hocevar M, Zgajnar J, Pogacnik A, Grazio-Frkovic S, Auersperg M. Prognostic factors in anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid-a multivariate survival analysis of 188 patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2005; 390: 203-8. doi: 10.1007/s00423-004-0524-5BesicNHocevarMZgajnarJPogacnikAGrazio-FrkovicSAuerspergMPrognostic factors in anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid-a multivariate survival analysis of 188 patientsLangenbecks Arch Surg2005390203810.1007/s00423-004-0524-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zaletel K, Gaberscek S, Pirnat E. Ten-year follow-up of thyroid epidemiology in Slovenia after increase in salt iodization. Croat Med J 2011; 52: 615-21. doi: 10.3325/cmj.2011.52.615ZaletelKGaberscekSPirnatETen-year follow-up of thyroid epidemiology in Slovenia after increase in salt iodizationCroat Med J2011526152110.3325/cmj.2011.52.615Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Gaberscek S, Zaletel K. Epidemiological trends of iodine-related thyroid disorders: an example from Slovenia. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2016; 67: 93-8. doi: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2725GaberscekSZaletelKEpidemiological trends of iodine-related thyroid disorders: an example from SloveniaArh Hig Rada Toksikol20166793810.1515/aiht-2016-67-2725Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kotnik P, Sirca Campa A, Zupancic M, Stimec M, Smole K, Mis NF, et al. Goiter prevalence and urinary iodine concentration in Slovenian adolescents. Thyroid 2006; 16: 769-73. doi: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.769KotnikPSircaCampa AZupancicMStimecMSmoleKMisNFet alGoiter prevalence and urinary iodine concentration in Slovenian adolescentsThyroid2006167697310.1089/thy.2006.16.769Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3: 286-95. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6ZimmermannMBBoelaertKIodine deficiency and thyroid disordersLancet Diabetes Endocrinol201532869510.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bajuk V, Zaletel K, Pirnat E, Hojker S, Gaberšček S. Effects of adequate iodine supply on the incidence of iodine-induced thyroid disorders in Slovenia. Thyroid 2017; 27: 558-66. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0186BajukVZaletelKPirnatEHojkerSGaberščekSEffects of adequate iodine supply on the incidence of iodine-induced thyroid disorders in SloveniaThyroid2017275586610.1089/thy.2016.018628059636Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zadnik V, Primic Zakelj M. SLORA: Slovenia and cancer. Ljubljana: Epidemiology and Cancer Registry. Institute of Oncology Ljubljana. [cited 2018 Oct 14]. Available at: www.slora.siZadnikVPrimic ZakeljMSLORA: Slovenia and cancerLjubljanaEpidemiology and Cancer Registry. Institute of Oncology Ljubljanacited2018Oct 14Available atwww.slora.siSearch in Google Scholar
Bacher-Stier C, Riccabona G, Tötsch M, Kemmler G, Oberaigner W, Moncayo R. Incidence and clinical characteristics of thyroid carcinoma after iodine prophylaxis in an endemic goiter country. Thyroid 1997; 7: 733-41. doi: 10.1089/thy.1997.7.733Bacher-StierCRiccabonaGTötschMKemmlerGOberaignerWMoncayoRIncidence and clinical characteristics of thyroid carcinoma after iodine prophylaxis in an endemic goiter countryThyroid199777334110.1089/thy.1997.7.7339349576Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Harach HR, Galindez M, Campero M, Ceballos GA. Undifferentiated (ana-plastic) thyroid carcinoma and iodine intake in Salta, Argentina. Endocr Pathol 2013; 24: 125-31. doi: 10.1007/s12022-013-9248-9HarachHRGalindezMCamperoMCeballosGAUndifferentiated (ana-plastic) thyroid carcinoma and iodine intake in Salta, ArgentinaEndocr Pathol2013241253110.1007/s12022-013-9248-923666798Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zimmermann MB, Galetti V. Iodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies. Thyroid Res 2015; 8: doi: 10.1186/s13044-015-0020-8ZimmermannMBGalettiVIodine intake as a risk factor for thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review of animal and human studiesThyroid Res2015810.1186/s13044-015-0020-8449068026146517Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zivaljevic V, Slijepcevic N, Paunovic I, Diklic A, Kalezic N, Marinkovic J, et al. Risk factors for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014: 815070. doi: 10.1155/2014/815070ZivaljevicVSlijepcevicNPaunovicIDiklicAKalezicNMarinkovicJet alRisk factors for anaplastic thyroid cancerInt J Endocrinol2014201481507010.1155/2014/815070405218524949009Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: pathogenesis and emerging therapies. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22: 486-97. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.013SmallridgeRCCoplandJAAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma: pathogenesis and emerging therapiesClin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)2010224869710.1016/j.clon.2010.03.013390532020418080Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
McIver B, Hay ID, Giuffrida DF, Dvorak CE, Grant CS, Thompson GB, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a 50-year experience at a single institution. Surgery 2001; 130: 1028-34. doi: 10.1067/msy.2001.118266McIverBHayIDGiuffridaDFDvorakCEGrantCSThompsonGBet alAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a 50-year experience at a single institutionSurgery200113010283410.1067/msy.2001.11826611742333Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Belfiore A, La Rosa G, Padova G, Sava L, Ippolito O, Vigneri R. The frequency of cold thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies in patients from an iodine-deficient area. Cancer 1987; 60: 3096-102. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19871215)60:12<3096::aid-cncr2820601240>3.0.co;2-vBelfioreALa RosaGPadovaGSavaLIppolitoOVigneriRThe frequency of cold thyroid nodules and thyroid malignancies in patients from an iodine-deficient areaCancer198760309610210.1002/1097-0142(19871215)60:12<3096::aid-cncr2820601240>3.0.co;2-vOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bakiri F, Djemli FK, Mokrane LA, Djidel FK. The relative roles of endemic goiter and socioeconomic development status in the prognosis of thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 82: 1146-53. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980315)82:6<1146::aid-cncr20>3.0.co;2-5BakiriFDjemliFKMokraneLADjidelFKThe relative roles of endemic goiter and socioeconomic development status in the prognosis of thyroid carcinomaCancer19988211465310.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980315)82:6<1146::aid-cncr20>3.0.co;2-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Oishi N, Kondo T, Ebina A, Sato Y, Akaishi J, Hino R, et al. Molecular alterations of coexisting thyroid papillary carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma: identification of TERT mutation as an independent risk factor for transformation. Mod Pathol 2017; 11: 1527-37. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.75OishiNKondoTEbinaASatoYAkaishiJHinoRet alMolecular alterations of coexisting thyroid papillary carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma: identification of TERT mutation as an independent risk factor for transformationMod Pathol20171115273710.1038/modpathol.2017.75Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hieu TT, Russell AW, Cuneo R, Clark J, Kron T, Hall P, et al. Cancer risk after medical exposure to radioactive iodine in benign thyroid diseases: a metaanalysis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19: 645-55. doi: 10.1530/ERC-12-0176HieuTTRussellAWCuneoRClarkJKronTHallPet alCancer risk after medical exposure to radioactive iodine in benign thyroid diseases: a metaanalysisEndocr Relat Cancer2012196455510.1530/ERC-12-0176Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1343-421. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229RossDSBurchHBCooperDSGreenleeMCLaurbergPMaiaALet al2016American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosisThyroid201626134342110.1089/thy.2016.0229Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Venkatesh YS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert H, Samaan NA. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 cases. Cancer 1990; 66: 321-30. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<321::aid-cncr2820660221>3.0.co;2-aVenkateshYSOrdonezNGSchultzPNHickeyRCGoepfertHSamaanNAAnaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 121 casesCancer1990663213010.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2<321::aid-cncr2820660221>3.0.co;2-aOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Skrk D, Zontar D. Estimated collective effective dose to the population from nuclear medicine examinations in Slovenia. Radiol Oncol 2013; 47: 304-10. doi: 10.2478/raon-2013-0048SkrkDZontarDEstimated collective effective dose to the population from nuclear medicine examinations in SloveniaRadiol Oncol2013473041010.2478/raon-2013-0048Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1-133. doi: 10.1089/thy.2015.0020HaugenBRAlexanderEKBibleKCDohertyGMMandelSJNikiforovYEet al2015American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancerThyroid201626113310.1089/thy.2015.0020Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kapp DS, LiVolsi VA, Sanders MM. Anaplastic carcinoma following well-differentiated thyroid cancer: etiological considerations. Yale J Biol Med 1982; 55: 521-8. PMID: 7183024KappDSLiVolsiVASandersMMAnaplastic carcinoma following well-differentiated thyroid cancer: etiological considerationsYale J Biol Med1982555218PMID: 7183024Search in Google Scholar
Ito Y, Higashiyama T, Hirokawa M, Fukushima M, Inoue H, Yabuta T, et al. Prognosis of patients with papillary carcinoma showing anaplastic transformation in regional lymph nodes that were curatively resected. Endocr J 2008; 55: 985-9. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.k08e-148ItoYHigashiyamaTHirokawaMFukushimaMInoueHYabutaTet alPrognosis of patients with papillary carcinoma showing anaplastic transformation in regional lymph nodes that were curatively resectedEndocr J200855985910.1507/endocrj.k08e-148Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Verburg FA, Aktolun C, Chiti A, Frangos S, Giovanella L, Hoffmann M, et al. Why the European Association of Nuclear Medicine has declined to endorse the 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43: 1001-5. doi: 10.1007/s00259-016-3327-3VerburgFAAktolunCChitiAFrangosSGiovanellaLHoffmannMet alWhy the European Association of Nuclear Medicine has declined to endorse the 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancerEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging2016431001510.1007/s00259-016-3327-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Shahbaz A, Fransawy Alkomos M, Mahendhar R, Nabi U, Riaz M, Sachmechi I. Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma presented as autonomous functioning thyroid nodule: a case report and review of literature. Cureus 2018; 7: e3014. doi: 10.7759/cureus.3014ShahbazAFransawy AlkomosMMahendharRNabiURiazMSachmechiIFollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma presented as autonomous functioning thyroid nodule: a case report and review of literatureCureus20187e301410.7759/cureus.3014615076430254803Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Maatouk J, Barklow TA, Zakaria W, Al-Abbadi MA. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma arising in long-standing multinodular goiter following radioactive iodine therapy: report of a case diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol 2009; 53: 581-3. doi: 10.1159/000325388MaatoukJBarklowTAZakariaWAl-AbbadiMAAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma arising in long-standing multinodular goiter following radioactive iodine therapy: report of a case diagnosed by fine needle aspirationActa Cytol200953581310.1159/00032538819798888Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Villa ML, Mukherjee JJ, Tran NQ, Cheah WK, Howe HS, Lee KO. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma with destructive thyrotoxicosis in a patient with preexisting multinodular goiter. Thyroid 2004; 14: 227-30. doi: 10.1089/105072504773297902VillaMLMukherjeeJJTranNQCheahWKHoweHSLeeKOAnaplastic thyroid carcinoma with destructive thyrotoxicosis in a patient with preexisting multinodular goiterThyroid2004142273010.1089/10507250477329790215072705Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mai DD, Mai KT, Shamji FM. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma developing from a Hürthle cell tumor: a case report. Acta Cytol 2001; 45: 761-4. doi: 10.1159/000328300MaiDDMaiKTShamjiFMFine needle aspiration biopsy of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma developing from a Hürthle cell tumor: a case reportActa Cytol200145761410.1159/00032830011575656Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lee DY, Won JK, Lee SH, Park DJ, Jung KC, Sung MW, et al. Changes of clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes of anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2016; 26: 404-13. doi: 10.1089/ thy.2015.0316LeeDYWonJKLeeSHParkDJJungKCSungMWet alChanges of clinicopathologic characteristics and survival outcomes of anaplastic and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomaThyroid2016264041310.1089/thy.2015.031626541309Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
