Regional Development in Central-Eastern European Countries at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Path Dependence and Effects of EU Cohesion Policy

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The structure (% from budget of Member State) of the Cohesion policy budget by thematic objectives in CEECs 2014–2020, based on finances planned)_

Thematic objectives/Member state	PL	CZ	RO	HU	SK	HR	BG	LT	LV	EE	SI	CEECs
Network infrastructures in transport, energy & ICT	35	32	31	19	29	19	20	21	31	14	11	29
Climate & Environment	21	23	33	27	25	33	38	27	25	21	24	25
Education & Employment	13	14	14	22	12	13	12	20	14	19	17	14
Research & Innovation	11	14	4	10	17	8	7	10	11	22	15	11
Social inclusion	8	8	8	9	9	8	9	8	10	10	7	8
Competitiveness of SMEs	9	5	3	9	3	12	8	8	7	7	19	7
Technical assistance	3	3	3	1	4	4	4	3	2	3	4	3
Efficient public administration	0	1	3	3	2	2	3	2	0	3	2	2
Total (100%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Total (billion EUR)	90.0	28.7	27.4	25.3	17.7	9.8	8.6	7.8	5.1	4.9	3.7	229.1

Mean values of clustered groups in relation to the CEE average (in %; CEE = 100)_

	No. of regions	GFCF	EMP	PET	GERB	GERN	EEUCP
Group 1	21	108.8	73.9	93.1	57.2	97.6	80.0
Group 2	13	237.8	182.9	13.7	113.7	123.8	101.9
Group 3	14	–41.2	62.2	190.5	151.4	81.4	128.3

Correlations between EU funding and development indicators in groups of CEE regions

		GFCF	EMP	PET	GERB	GERN
Group 1	EEUCP	0.165	–0.009	–0.051	0.664**	0.471*
Group 2	EEUCP	0.418	0.319	0.204	0.692**	0.275*
Group 3	EEUCP	0.218	0.490	–0.057	0.103**	–0.064*

The structure of Cohesion policy budget by thematic objectives in CEECs 2007–2013 (% from budget of Member States allocated to selected aims, based on annual implementation report 2013)_

Thematic objectives/Member State	PL	HU	RO	CZ	SK	BG	LT	LV	SI	EE	CEECs
Transport, Energy & IT	47	36	26	37	37	30	36	33	29	23	38
Environment	10	17	24	11	13	26	15	16	24	22	15
Social issues	10	16	10	10	21	10	14	19	9	21	12
Innovation & RTD	14	6	6	17	11	5	14	15	19	19	12
Capacity building	3	4	18	4	4	12	4	3	3	2	6
Human capital	7	4	3	8	5	6	6	3	5	3	6
Other SME and business support	5	10	3	4	3	6	4	2	5	5	5
Culture, heritage and tourism	3	4	2	5	3	2	3	1	5	5	3
Urban and territorial dimension	2	3	8	4	3	3	5	8	1	0	3
Total (100%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Total (in billion EUR)	63.9	28.6	23.6	21	11.8	7.4	6.7	4.3	4.3	3.3	174.9

Correlations between the expenditures of EU Cohesion policy and development indicators across CEE regions_

	GFCF	EMP	PET	GERB	GERN
EEUCP	0.008	0.227	0.001	0.544**	0.224

Development indicators under examination

Selected (mutually uncorrelated)	Unselected (correlated)
gross fixed capital formation (GFCF); employment (EMP); participation in education and training (PET); gross expenditure on research and development of the business enterprise sector (GERB); gross expenditure on research and development of the non-business enterprise sector (GERN)*	gross domestic product; productivity of labour; compensation of employees; population size; age dependency ration; median age of population; education levels attained; employment in R&D; human resources in science and technology