[1. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic char-acterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The lancet. 2020;395: 565–574.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak – An Update on the Status. Military Medical Research. 2020;7: 11.10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0706898432169119]Search in Google Scholar
[3. World Health Organization. Novel coronavirus–China. Available from: https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-corona-virus-china/en/. Accessed 11 March 2020.]Search in Google Scholar
[4. World Health Organization. WHO characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic - 11 March 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Accessed 17 March 2020.]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2020;55: 105924.10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924712780032081636]Search in Google Scholar
[6. World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019. Accessed 17 September 2020.]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis GV, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. The Journal of Pathology. 2004;203: 631–637.10.1002/path.1570716772015141377]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCOV infection. Frontiers of Medicine. 2020;14: 185–192.10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0708873832170560]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Thomas P, Baldwin C, Bissett B, Boden I, Gosselink R, Granger CL, et al. Physiotherapy management for COVID-19 in the acute hospital setting: Clinical practice recommendations. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2020; 66: 73–82.10.1016/j.jphys.2020.03.011716523832312646]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A clinical update. Frontiers of Medicine. 2020;14: 126–135.10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8711534832240462]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Cheema M, Aghazadeh H, Nazarali S, Ting A, Hodges J, McFarlane A, et al. Keratoconjunctivitis as the initial medical presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020;55: e125–e129.10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.03.003712428332284146]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: Common findings in COVID-19 patients. The Laryngo-scope. 2020;130: 1787.10.1002/lary.28692722830432237238]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: A scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 2020;9: 29.10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x707952132183901]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. Journal of Infection. 2020;80: 607–613.10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037719461332283152]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Yavuz S, Ünal S. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020;50: 611–619.10.3906/sag-2004-145719597932293834]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Stringer KA, Puskarich MA, Kenes MT, Dickson RP. COVID-19: The uninvited guest in the intensive care unit - Implications for pharmacotherapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2020;40: 382–386.10.1002/phar.2394726206832267979]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Wujtewicz M, Dylczyk-Sommer A, Aszkiełowicz A, Zdanowski S, Piwowarczyk S, Owczuk R. COVID-19 - What should anaethesiologists and intensivists know about it?. Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy. 2020;52: 34–41.10.5114/ait.2020.9375632191830]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Chan KS, Zheng JP, Mok YW, Li YM, Liu YN, Chu CM, et al. SARS: Prognosis, outcome and sequelae. Respirology. 2003;8 Suppl: S36–S40.10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00522.x716921315018132]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Sham PC, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;52: 233–240.10.1177/07067437070520040517500304]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Landry MD, Geddes L, Moseman AP, Lefler JP, Raman SR, et al. Early reflection on the global impact of COVID19, and implications for physiotherapy. Physiotherapy. 2020;107: A1–A3.10.1016/j.physio.2020.03.003719493332312528]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Levy J, Léotard A, Lawrence C, Paquereau J, Bensmail D, Annane D, et al. A model for a ventilator-weaning and early rehabilitation unit to deal with post-ICU impairments following severe COVID-19. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;63: 376–378.10.1016/j.rehab.2020.04.002716526632315800]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Kiekens C, Boldrini P, Andreoli A, Avesani R, Gamna F, Grandi M, et al. Rehabilitation and respiratory management in the acute and early post-acute phase. “Instant Paper from the Field” on rehabilitation answers to the COVID-19 emergency. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;56: 323–326.10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06305-432293817]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Carda S, Invernizzi M, Bavikatte G, Bensmail D, Bianchi F, Deltombe T, et al. The role of physical and rehabilitation medicine in the COVID-19 pandemic: The clinician’s view. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;S1877–0657: 30076–30082.10.1016/j.rehab.2020.04.001716601832315802]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Stam HJ, Stucki G, Bickenbach J. Covid-19 and post intensive care syndrome: A call for action. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;52: jrm00044.10.2340/16501977-2677]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Khan F, Amatya B. Medical rehabilitation in pandemics: Towards a new perspective. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;52: jrm00043.10.2340/16501977-2676]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Shang Y, Xu C, Jiang F, Huang R, Li Y, Zhou Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and changes of chest CT features in 307 patients with common COVID-19 pneumonia infected SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter study in Jiangsu, China. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;96: 157–162.10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.006]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20: 425–434.10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30086-4]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine; Respiratory Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine; Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Group of Chinese Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. [Recommendations for respiratory rehabilitation of coronavirus disease 2019 in adult]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43: 308–314.]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Liu K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Chen Y. Respiratory rehabilitation in elderly patients with COVID-19: A randomized controlled study. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2020;39: 101166.10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101166711859632379637]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Li X, Ma X. Acute respiratory failure in COVID-19: Is it “Typical” ARDS? Critical Care. 2020;24: 198.10.1186/s13054-020-02911-9]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig MN. A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, and management of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus. 2020;12: e7560.10.7759/cureus.7560713842332269893]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Mo X, Jian W, Su Z, Chen M, Peng H, Peng P, et al. Abnormal pulmonary function in COVID-19 patients at time of hospital discharge. European Respiratory Journal. 2020;55: 2001217.10.1183/13993003.01217-2020723682632381497]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matté A, Tomlinson G, Diaz- Granados N, Cooper A, et al. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364: 1293–1304.10.1056/NEJMoa101180221470008]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, Diaz-Granados N, Al-Saidi F, et al. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2003;348: 683–693.10.1056/NEJMoa02245012594312]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Wilcox ME, Herridge MS. Lung function and quality of life in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). La Presse Mediale. 2011;40: e595–e603.10.1016/j.lpm.2011.04.02422078086]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Yang LL, Yang T. Pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine. 2020;6: 79–86.10.1016/j.cdtm.2020.05.002722140632411496]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382: 1708–1720.10.1056/NEJMoa2002032709281932109013]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Brodsky MB, Nollet JL, Spronk PE, González-Fernández M. Prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities and treatment options for dysphagia in critically ill patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2020;99: 1164–1170. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000001440.10.1097/PHM.000000000000144032304381]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Brugliera L, Spina A, Castellazzi P, Climino P, Tettamanti A, Houdayer E, et al. Rehabilitation of COVID-19 patients. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;52: jrm00046.10.2340/16501977-267832286674]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Kochi AN, Tagliari AP, Forleo GB, Fassini GM, Tondo C. Cardiac and arrhythmic complications in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 2020;31: 1003–1008.10.1111/jce.14479726215032270559]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Barker-Davies RM, O’Sullivan O, Senaratne KP, Baker P, Cranley M, Dharm-Datta S, et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020;54: 949–959.10.1136/bjsports-2020-102596741862832475821]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurology. 2020;77: 1–9.10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127714936232275288]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Padroni M, Mastrangelo V, Asioli GM, Pavolucci L, Abu- Rumeileh S, Piscagilia MG, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19: New infection, old complication?. Journal of Neurology. 2020;267: 1877–1879.10.1007/s00415-020-09849-6718064632333166]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Andrenelli E, Negrini F, de Sire A, Arienti C, Patrini M, Negrini S, et al. Systematic rapid living review on rehabilitation needs due to COVID-19: Update to May 31st, 2020. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2020;56: 508–514.10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06435-732539312]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Inoue S, Hatakeyama J, Kondo Y, Hifumi T, Sakuramoto H, Kawasaki T, et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: Its patho-physiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Medicine & Surgery. 2019;6: 233–246.10.1002/ams2.415660331631304024]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Smith JM, Lee AC, Zeleznik H, Coffey Scott JP, Fatima A, Needham DM, et al. Home and community-based physical therapist management of adults with post–intensive care syndrome. Physical Therapy. 2020;100: 1062–1073.10.1093/ptj/pzaa059]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Piva S, Fagoni N, Latronico N. Intensive care unit–acquired weakness: Unanswered questions and targets for future research. F1000Research. 2019;8: F1000 Faculty Rev-508.10.12688/f1000research.17376.1]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Schreiber A, Bertoni M, Goligher EC. Avoiding respiratory and peripheral muscle injury during mechanical ventilation dia-phragm-protective ventilation and early mobilization. Critical Care Clinics. 2018;34: 357–381.10.1016/j.ccc.2018.03.005]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92: 552–555.10.1002/jmv.25728]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7: 611–627.10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Connolly B, Salisbury L, O’Neill B, Geneen LJ, Douiri A, Grocott MP, et al. Exercise rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge for recovery from critical illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015;2015: CD008632.10.1002/14651858.CD008632.pub2651715426098746]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Tipping CJ, Harrold M, Holland A, Romero L, Nisbet T, Hodgson CL. The effects of active mobilisation and rehabilitation in ICU on mortality and function: A systematic review. Intensive Care Medicine. 2017;43: 171–183.10.1007/s00134-016-4612-027864615]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Fuke R, Hifumi T, Kondo Y, Hatakeyama J, Takei T, Yamakawa K, et al. Early rehabilitation to prevent postintensive care syndrome in patients with critical illness: A systematic review and meta- analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8: e019998.10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019998594243729730622]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Cuthbertson BH, Rattray J, Campbell MK, Gager M, Roughton S, Smith A, et al. The PRaCTICaL Study of Nurse Led, intensive care follow-up programmes for improving long-term outcomes from critical illness: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;339: b3723.10.1136/bmj.b3723276307819837741]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Godeau E, Debeaumont D, Artaud-Macari E, Lagache L, Bouar GL, Coquart J. Sequelae of acute respiratory distress syndrome: Interest of rehabilitation. Case Reports in Critical Care. 2019;2019: 7953141.10.1155/2019/7953141643138930963009]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Hsieh MJ, Lee WC, Cho HY, Wu MF, Hu HC, Kao KC, et al. Recovery of pulmonary functions, exercise capacity, and quality of life after pulmonary rehabilitation in survivors of ARDS due to severe influenza A (H1N1) pneumonitis. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2018;12: 643–648.10.1111/irv.12566608685429676537]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Jackson J, Ely EW, Morey MC, Anderson VM, Siebert CS, Denne LB, et al. Cognitive and physical rehabilitation of intensive care unit survivors: Results of the RETURN randomized controlled pilot investigation. Critical Care Medicine. 2012;40: 1088–1097.10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182373115375587122080631]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Gordon CS, Waller JW, Cook RM, Cavalera SL, Lim WT, Osadnik CR. Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on symptoms of anxiety and depression in COPD: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Chest. 2019;156: 80–91.10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.00931034818]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Panagioti M, Scott C, Blakemore A, Coventry PA. Overview of the prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2014;9: 1289–1306.10.2147/COPD.S72073]Search in Google Scholar
[60. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Subcommittee on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Thorax. 2001;56: 827–834.10.1136/thorax.56.11.827174595511641505]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Rochester CL. Patient assessment and selection for pulmonary rehabilitation. Respirology. 2019;24: 844–853.10.1111/resp.1361631251443]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Simpson R, Robinson L. Rehabilitation after critical illness in people with COVID-19 infection. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2020;99: 470–474.10.1097/PHM.0000000000001443725303932282359]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, ZuWallack R, Nici L, Rochester C, et al. An official American thoracic society/European respiratory society statement: Key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013;188: e13–e64.]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Aitken LM, Marshall AP. Monitoring and optimising outcomes of survivors of critical illness. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. 2015;31: 1–9.10.1016/j.iccn.2014.10.00625466983]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Major ME, Kwakman R, Kho ME, Connolly B, McWilliams D, Denehy L, et al. Surviving critical illness: What is next? An expert consensus statement on physical rehabilitation after hospital discharge. Critical Care. 2016;20: 354.10.1186/s13054-016-1508-x508605227793165]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Sheehy LM. Considerations for post-acute rehabilitation for survivors of COVID-19. JMIR Public Health Surveillance. 2020;6: e19462.10.2196/19462721281732369030]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: Evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12: 6049–6057.10.18632/aging.103000718511432267833]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Hornikx M, Van Remoortel H, Demeyer H, Marcal Camillo CA, Decramer M, Janssens W, et al. The influence of comorbidities on outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients with COPD: A systematic review. BioMed Research International. 2013;2013: 146148.10.1155/2013/146148388870624490146]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Vitacca M, Carone M, Clini EM, Paneroni M, Lazzeri M, Lanza A, et al. Joint statement on the role of respiratory rehabilitation in the COVID-19 crisis: The Italian position paper. Respiration. 2020;99: 493–499.10.1159/000508399731666432428909]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Arcuri JF, Abarshi E, Preston NJ, Brine J, Di Lorenzo VA. Benefits of interventions for respiratory secretion management in adult palliative care patients - A systematic review. BMC Palliative Care. 2016;15: 74.10.1186/s12904-016-0147-y497911727507303]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Gauld LM. Airway clearance in neuromuscular weakness. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2009;51: 350–355.10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03198.x]Search in Google Scholar
[72. Volsko TA. Airway clearance therapy: Finding the evidence. Respiratory Care. 2013;58: 1669–1678.10.4187/respcare.0259024064626]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Stephens RJ, Haas M, Moore III WL, Emmil JR, Sipress JA, Williams A. Effects of diaphragmatic breathing patterns on balance: A preliminary clinical trial. Journal of Manipulative Physiological Therapeutics. 2017;40: 169–175.10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.01.00528259495]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Pan F, Ye T, Sun P, Gui S, Liang B, Li L, Zheng D, et al. Time course of lung changes at chest CT during recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Radiology. 2020;295: 715–721.10.1148/radiol.2020200370723336732053470]Search in Google Scholar
[75. Bolton CE, Bevan-Smith EF, Blakey JD, Crowe P, Elkin SL, Garrod R, et al. British Thoracic Society guideline on pulmonary rehabilitation in adults. Thorax. 2013;68 Suppl 2: ii1–ii30.10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-20380823880483]Search in Google Scholar
[76. Macht M, White SD, Moss M. Swallowing dysfunction after critical illness. Chest. 2014;146: 1681–1689.10.1378/chest.14-1133425162325451355]Search in Google Scholar
[77. Allingstrup MJ, Kondrup J, Wiis J, Claudius C, Pedersen UG, Hein-Rasmussen R, et al. Early goal-directed nutrition versus standard of care in adult intensive care patients: The single-centre, randomised, outcome assessor-blinded EAT-ICU trial. Intensive Care Medicine. 2017;43: 1637–1647.10.1007/s00134-017-4880-328936712]Search in Google Scholar
[78. Lambell KJ, King SJ, Forsyth AK, Tierney AC. Association of energy and protein delivery on skeletal muscle mass changes in critically ill adults: A systematic review. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2018;42: 1112–1122.10.1002/jpen.115129603281]Search in Google Scholar
[79. Rengel KF, Hayhurst CJ, Pandharipande PP, Hughes CG. Long-term cognitive and functional impairments after critical illness. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2019;128: 772–780.10.1213/ANE.000000000000406630883422]Search in Google Scholar
[80. Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Malec JF, Langenbahn DM, Felicetti T, Kneipp S, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2005;86: 1681–1692.10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.02416084827]Search in Google Scholar