It’s Getting Personal: Personalisation of political campaigns in four Prague districts during the 2018 Czech Senate elections

Aldrich, John H., et al. (2016): Getting out the vote in the social media era: Are digital tools changing the extent, nature and impact of party contacting in elections? Party Politics 22 (2): 165–178.10.1177/1354068815605304Search in Google Scholar

Aldrich, John, H. (1996): Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Bellucci, Paol – Garzia, Diego – Lewis -Beck, Michael S. (2015): Issues and leaders as vote determinants: The case of Italy. Party Politics 21 (2): 272–283.10.1177/1354068812472583Search in Google Scholar

Bene, Marton (2017): Go viral on the Facebook! Interactions between candidates and followers on Facebook during the Hungarian general election campaign of 2014. Information, Communication & Society 20 (4): 513–529.10.1080/1369118X.2016.1198411Search in Google Scholar

Blažek, Vojtěch (2018): „Kandidát ODS do Senátu čelí oznámení, že si nechával statisíce určené vodákům.“, Seznam zprávy (20 October): https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/kandidat--ods-do-senatu-celi-oznameni-ze-si-nechaval-statisice-urcene-vodakum-57106 (6 June 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Blumler, Jay G. – Kavanagh, Dennis (1999): The Third Age of Political Communication: Influences and Features. Political Communication 16 (3): 209–230.10.1080/105846099198596Search in Google Scholar

Bronstein, Jenny (2013): Like me! Analyzing the 2012 presi- dential candidates’ Facebook pages. Online Information Review 37 (2): 173–192.10.1108/OIR-01-2013-0002Search in Google Scholar

Brunnerová, Olga – Charvát, Jakub (2017): Metody výzkumu politické komunikace v nových médiích: Přehledová studie. Politické vedy 20 (3): 116–149.Search in Google Scholar

Brunnerová, Olga (2018): Jak vzbudit emoce: analýza sentimentu vůči prezidentským kandidátům před prvním kolem volby na sociální sítí Facebook, in Just, Petr – Brunnerová, Olga – Charvát, Jakub, a kol. Dobývání Hradu: česká prezidentská volba 2018. 139–146, MUP & Togga.Search in Google Scholar

Cabada, Ladislav – Tomšič, Matevž (2016): The rise of person -based politics in the new democracies: The Czech Republic and Slovenia. Politics in Central Europe 12 (2): 29–50.10.1515/pce-2016-0011Search in Google Scholar

Ceccobelli, Diego (2018): Not every day is Election Day: a comparative analysis of eighteen election campaigns on Facebook. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 15 (2): 122–141.10.1080/19331681.2018.1449701Search in Google Scholar

Chadwick, Andrew – Stromer -Galley, Jennifer (2016): Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns: Party Decline or Party Renewal? The International Journal of Press/Politics 21 (3): 283–293.10.1177/1940161216646731Search in Google Scholar

Chadwick, Andrew (2013): The hybrid media system: Politics and power, Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

ČT24 (2016): „Senát přetrval 20 let. Hlasy, že je zbytečný, ale znějí dodnes.“, ČT24 (26 August): availableathttps://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/1888386-senat-pretrval-20-let-hlasy-ze-je--zbytecny-ale-zneji-dodnes (4 August, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Dang -Xuan, Linh, et al. (2013): An investigation of influentials and the role of sentiment in political communication on twitter during election periods. Information, Communication & Society 16 (5): 795–825.10.1080/1369118X.2013.783608Search in Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony (1957): An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy. Journal of Political Economy 65 (2): 135–150.10.1086/257897Search in Google Scholar

Drahoš, Jiří (2018a). Facebookový profil Jiřího Drahoše (19 October). Available at: https://www.facebook.com/drahosjiri/posts/888851801502517 (06 June, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Drahoš, Jiří (2018b): Facebookový profil Jiřího Drahoše (2 October). Available at: https://www.facebook.com/drahosjiri/posts/888851801502517 (06 June, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Drahoš, Jiří (2018c): Facebookový profil Jiřího Drahoše (5 October). Available at: https://www.facebook.com/drahosjiri/photos/a.464669970587371/898250563895974/?type=1 & theater (06 June, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Endres, Danielle – Warnick, Barbara (2004): Text -based interactivity in candidate campaign websites: A case study from the 2002 Elections. – 68 (Summer): 322–342.Search in Google Scholar

Enli, Gunn S. – Skogerbø, Eli (2013): Personalized Campaigns in Party -Centred Politics. Information, Communication & Society 16 (5): 757–774.10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, Pavel (2018a): Facebookový profil Pavla Fischera (3 September): available at https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=688944508145675, (6 June 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Fischer, Pavel (2018b): Facebookový profil Pavla Fischera (28 September): available at https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=48355417549603, (6 June 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Focus (2017): „UŽIVATELÉ SOCIÁLNÍCH SÍTÍ V ČR“, Focus Marketing & Social Media Research (21 February):availableathttps://www.focus-agency.cz/aktuality/uzivatele-socialnich-siti-v-cr (4 August, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Freelon, Deen – Karpf, David (2015): Of big birds and bayonets: hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 Presidential debates. Information, Communication & Society 18 (4): 390–406.10.1080/1369118X.2014.952659Search in Google Scholar

Gerodimos, Roman – Justinussen, Jakup (2015): Obama’s 2012 Facebook Campaign: Political Communication in the Age of the Like Button. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12 (2): 113–132.10.1080/19331681.2014.982266Search in Google Scholar

Grusell, Marie – Nord, Lars (2016): Setting the Trend or Changing the Game? Professionalization and Digitalization of Election Campaigns in Sweden. Journal of Political Marketing, published online 17 October 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Gunn, Sara Enli – Skogerbø, Eli (2013): Personalized campaigns in party -centred politics. Information, Communication & Society 16 (5): 757–774.Search in Google Scholar

Hermans, Liesbeth – Vergeer, Maurice (2013): „Personalization in E -Campaigning: A Cross--National Comparison of Personalization Strategies Used on Candidate Websites of 17 Countries in EP Elections 2009. New Media & Society 15 (1): 72–92.10.1177/1461444812457333Search in Google Scholar

Hilšer, Marek (2018): Facebookový profil Marka Hilšera (19 September): available at https://www.facebook.com/MarekdoSenatu/photos/a.285093921858091/698779760489503/?type=3Search in Google Scholar

Hilšer, Marek (2018): Facebookový profil Marka Hilšera (19 September): available at https://www.facebook.com/MarekdoSenatu/photos/a.285093921858091/698779760489503/?type=3 (5 Match 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Hilšer, Marek (2018a): Facebookový profil Marka Hilšera (15 September): available at https://www.facebook.com/marek.hilser (2 April 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Hrdina, Matouš (2013): Technologie není apolitická: Poznámky ke studiu politické komunikace v nových médiích. Mediální studia 7 (3): 291–308.Search in Google Scholar

Hušková, Lucie (2018): „Facebook sleduje denně 4,1 milionů Čechů.“ Newsfeed.cz (22 November): available at: https://newsfeed.cz/facebook-sleduje-denne-41milionu-cechu/ (6 June, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Huskova, Lucie (2018): „Facebook v ČR hlásí přes 5,2 milionů uživatelů“, Newsfeed.cz (22 May): availableathttps://newsfeed.cz/facebook-v-cr-hlasi-pres-52milionu-uzivatelu/ (4 August, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Kent, Michael L. – Taylor, Maureen (1998): Building dialogic relationships through the world wide web. Public Relations Review 24 (3): 321–334.10.1016/S0363-8111(99)80143-XSearch in Google Scholar

Kruikemeier, Sanne (2014): How political candidates use Twitter and the impact on votes. Computers in Human Behavior 34: 131–13910.1016/j.chb.2014.01.025Search in Google Scholar

Kucera, Petr (2017): „Počet uživatelů internetu v Česku stoupá, stále jsme však pod evropským průměrem“, iHned (27 March): available at https://byznys.ihned.cz/c1-65673310-pocet-uzivatelu-internetu-v-cesku-stoupa-stale-jsme-vsak-pod-evropskym-prumerem (4 August, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Kuras, Benjamin (2018): Facebookový profil Benjamin Kuras (9 September): available at: https://www.facebook.com/benjaminkuras2018/ (5 March 2019)Search in Google Scholar

Larsson, Anders O. (2015): The EU Parliament on twitter e assessing the permanent online practices of parliamentarians. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 12 (2): 149–166.10.1080/19331681.2014.994158Search in Google Scholar

Manning, Nathan et al. (2017): Politicians, celebrities and social media: a case of informalisation?. Journal of Youth Studies 20 (2): 127–144.10.1080/13676261.2016.1206867Search in Google Scholar

Mascheroni, Giovanna – Mattoni, Alice (2013): Electoral Campaigning 2.0—The Case of Italian Regional Elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics 10 (2): 223–240,10.1080/19331681.2012.758073Search in Google Scholar

McGregor, Shannon C. – Lawrence, Regina G. – Cardona, Arielle (2017): Personalization, gender, and social media: gubernatorial candidates’ social media strategies. Information, Communication & Society 20 (2): 264–283.10.1080/1369118X.2016.1167228Search in Google Scholar

Metz, Manon – Kruikemeier, Sanne – Lecheler, Sophie (2019): Personalization of politics on Facebook: examining the content and effects of professional, emotional and private self--personalization. Information, Communication & Society, Published online: 20 Feb 2019.Search in Google Scholar

Negrine, Ralph – Lilleker, Darren G. (2002): The Professionalization of Political Communication: Continuities and Change in Media Practices. European Journal of Communication 17 (3): 305–323.10.1177/0267323102017003688Search in Google Scholar

NetMonitor (2018): „Internetová populace ČR dosáhla v březnu nového maxima: 7,77 milionu reálných uživatelů“, NetMonitor: Sdružení pro internetový rozvoj (19 April): available at http://www.netmonitor.cz/internetova-populace-cr-dosahla-v-breznu-noveho-maxima-7-77milionu--realnych-uzivatelu (4 August, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Okamura, Hayato (2018): Facebookový profil Hayato Okamury (7 September): available at https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100010877374543 (5 March 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Olmstead, Kenny – Mitchell, Amy – Rosenstiel, Tom (2011): ‘‘Navigating News Online: here people go, how they get there and what lures them away’’. Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, 9 May. Available at: http://www.journalism.org/analysis_report/navigating_news_online, (9 May 2011)Search in Google Scholar

Poushter, Jacob (2016): Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. Pew Research Centre: available at http://www.pewglobal.org (6 June 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Quinlan, Stephen et al. (2018): ‘Show me the money and the party!’ – variation in Facebook and Twitter adoption by politicians. Information, Communication & Society 21 (8): 1031–1049.10.1080/1369118X.2017.1301521Search in Google Scholar

Rainie, Lee – Smith, Aaron (2012): Social networking sites and politics Pew Research Centre: available at http://www.pewglobal.org (6 June 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Rahat, Gideon – Sheafer, Tamir (2007): The Personalization(s) of Politics: Israel, 1949–2003. Political Communication 24 (1): 65–80.10.1080/10584600601128739Search in Google Scholar

Ross, Karen – Bürger, Tobias (2014): Face to face(book). Political Science, 66:1, 46–62.10.1177/0032318714534106Search in Google Scholar

Russmann, Uta – Swensson, Jakob (2017): Introduction to Visual Communication in the Age of Social Media: Conceptual, Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Media and Communication 5 (4): 1–5. Skovajsová, Miroslava (2018): Facebookový profil Miroslavy Skovajsové (5 October): available at https://www.facebook.com/miroslava.skovajsova/posts/1918575448223739?comment_id=1918720424875908&reply_comment_id=1918786698202614&comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22%3A%22R2%22%7D (4 August 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Small, Tamara A. (2011): WHAT THE HASHTAG? Information, Communication & Society 14 (6): 872–895,10.1080/1369118X.2011.554572Search in Google Scholar

Statista (2019). Most popular social networks worldwide as of April 2019, ranked by number of active users (in millions): available at https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global--social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ (6 June 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Strömbäck, Jesper (2008): Four Phases of Mediatization: An Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics. International Journal of Press-politics 13: 228–246.10.1177/1940161208319097Search in Google Scholar

Sweetser, Kaye D. – Lariscy, Ruthann W. (2008): Candidates Make Good Friends: An Analysis of Candidates’ Uses of Facebook. International Journal of Strategic Communication 2 (3): 175–198.10.1080/15531180802178687Search in Google Scholar

Towner, Terri L. – Duolio, David A. (2011): An experiment of campaign effects during the YouTube election. New Media & Society 13 (4): 626–644.10.1177/1461444810377917Search in Google Scholar

UDHPSH (2018): Řádné volby do Senátu 2018: available at https://www.udhpsh.cz/radne-volby--do-senatu-2018/ (6 June 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Vaculík, Přemysl (2019): „Sociální sítě v Česku, využívá je 5,7 milionu obyvatel“, Dotekomanie. cz (21 February): available at https://dotekomanie.cz/2019/02/socialni-site-v-cesku-vyuziva--je-57milionu-obyvatel/ (4 August, 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Van Aelst, Peter et al. (2012): The personalization of mediated political communication: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism 13(2): 203–220.10.1177/1464884911427802Search in Google Scholar

Van Santen, Rosa – Van Zoonen, Liesbet (2010): The Personal In Political Television Biographies. Biography 33 (1): 46–67.10.1353/bio.0.0157Search in Google Scholar

Vergeer, Maurice – Franses, Philip H. (2016): Live audience responses to live televised election debates: time series analysis of issue salience and party salience on audience behaviour. Information, Communication & Society 19 (10): 1390–1410.10.1080/1369118X.2015.1093526Search in Google Scholar

Vergeer, Maurice – Hermans, Lisbeth (2013): Campaigning on Twitter: Microblogging and Online Social Networking as Campaign Tools in the 2010 General Elections in the Netherlands. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 18 (4): 399–419.10.1111/jcc4.12023Search in Google Scholar

Vochocová, Lenka – Štětka, Václav – Mazák, Jaromír (2016). Good girls don’t comment on politics? Gendered character of online political participation in the Czech Republic. Information, Communication & Society 19 (10): 1321–1339.Search in Google Scholar

Vochocová, Lenka – Švelch, Jaroslav (2015): Sociální média jako nová výzva pro výzkum politické participace. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 51 (1): 65–88.Search in Google Scholar

Wagenknecht, Lukáš (2018): Facebookový profil Lukáše Wagenknechta (12 September): available at https://www.facebook.com/WagenknechtLuk/photos/a.302731203253443/996865857173304/?type=3&__tn__=-R (6 May 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Wagenknecht, Lukáš (2018b): Facebookový profil Lukáše Wagenknechta (2 October): available at https://www.facebook.com/WagenknechtLuk/photos/a.302731203253443/996865857173304/?type=3&__tn__=-R (6 June 2019).Search in Google Scholar

Ward, Stepehne – Lusoli, W. (2005): Logging On or Switching Off? The Public and the Internet at the 2005 General Election, in Coleman, S. – Ward, S. (eds), Spinning the Web. London: Hansard Society, 13–21.Search in Google Scholar