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Determinants of Energy Consumption in the Dairy Industry: A Case Study in Poland

Janusz Wojdalski

Janusz Wojdalski

  • National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water ManagementWarsaw, Poland
  • “Energy and Environment in the Dairy Industry” Scientific and Technical AssociationOlsztyn, Poland
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Wojdalski, Janusz
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Przemysław Ligenza

Przemysław Ligenza

National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water ManagementWarsaw, Poland
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Ligenza, Przemysław
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Marta Postuła

Marta Postuła

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management, Department of Finance and AccountingWarsaw, Poland
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Postuła, Marta
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Bogdan Dróżdż

Bogdan Dróżdż

Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Production EngineeringWarsaw, Poland
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Dróżdż, Bogdan
 oraz 
Roman Niżnikowski

Roman Niżnikowski

  • National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water ManagementWarsaw, Poland
  • Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal BreedingWarsaw, Poland
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Niżnikowski, Roman
  
31 gru 2023
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Data publikacji: 31 gru 2023
Zakres stron: 69 - 91
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0017
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© 2023 Janusz Wojdalski et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

Energy and water consumption in a dairy plant (detailed explanations in the text)
Energy and water consumption in a dairy plant (detailed explanations in the text)

Figure 2.

Indicators of energy consumption per unit of end product in a dairy plant (detailed explanations are in the text)
Indicators of energy consumption per unit of end product in a dairy plant (detailed explanations are in the text)

Figure 3.

The influence of the production profile on electric energy and heat consumption (summer)
The influence of the production profile on electric energy and heat consumption (summer)

Figure 4.

The influence of the production profile on electric energy and heat consumption (winter)
The influence of the production profile on electric energy and heat consumption (winter)

Figure 5.

The influence of the installed capacity of electrical devices on electric energy and heat consumption (summer)
The influence of the installed capacity of electrical devices on electric energy and heat consumption (summer)

Figure 6.

The influence of the installed capacity of electrical devices on electric energy and heat consumption (winter)
The influence of the installed capacity of electrical devices on electric energy and heat consumption (winter)

Figure 7a.

Variation in the indicators of heat consumption per unit of end product in the different types of dairy plants analysed
Variation in the indicators of heat consumption per unit of end product in the different types of dairy plants analysed

Figure 7b.

Thermal efficiency (EEtherm) in the different types of dairy plants analysed
Thermal efficiency (EEtherm) in the different types of dairy plants analysed

Figure 8a.

Variation in the indicators of electric energy consumption per unit of end product in the different types of dairy plants analysed
Variation in the indicators of electric energy consumption per unit of end product in the different types of dairy plants analysed

Figure 8b.

Electric energy efficiency (EEel) in the different types of dairy plants analysed
Electric energy efficiency (EEel) in the different types of dairy plants analysed

Figure 9.

Winter increase in heat consumption per unit of end product in the types of dairy plants analysed, relative to the summer season
Winter increase in heat consumption per unit of end product in the types of dairy plants analysed, relative to the summer season

Technological factors influencing energy demand in selected dairy plants

Dairy plant specification Average electric energy consumption Season Regression equations Correlation coefficient r Independent variables’ range of variation

T1 (1)

P = 2500 kW

Km= 17.67 kW/1000L

Z = 4,657,840 L/month

 Ae = 488731.7 kWh/month S/W Ae = 38530 + 21.93Zm 0.917 Zm: 4,058.9 – 6348.8 m3/month
We = 104.9 kWh/1000L We = 178.6 - 0.019Zm −0.982

T4 (1)

P = 5400 kW

Km = 6.9 kW/1000 L

Z = 777,626 L/24h

 Ae = 1842461 kWh/month S/W Ae = 80.184 - 74908Zm 0.63

Zm: 21749 – 25541 Mg/month

Z11: 3597 – 5653 Mg/month

Z12: 4,956 – 6240 Mg/month

Z13: 113 – 204 Mg/month

Z14: 456 – 782 Mg/month

Z15: 2184 – 3023 Mg/month
Ae = 155.75·Z11+84.68·Z12 - 573.45·Z13–11.36·Z14+232.33·Z15 + 139383.53 0.72
We = 77.0 kWh/1000 L We = 0.0002 Zm + 72.558 Weak correlation
We = 3∙10−3 Z11 + 7∙10−3·Z12 - 0.017·Z13 - 0.025·Z14 + 3∙10−3·Z16 + 36.5 0.31
Ac = 17060.39 GJ/month Ac = 0.0946Zm + 14799 Weak correlation
Ac= −1.49·Z11 - 1.33·Z12 + 3.46·Z13 + 5.84·Z14 + 3.93·Z15 + 16572.40 0.65
Wc = 0.71 GJ/1000 L Wc= −3E-05Zm + 1.3441 0.47
Wc = −1∙105·Z11 - 3∙105·Z12 + 2∙104·Z13 + 7∙10−6 ·Z14 + 1∙10−5 ·Z15 + 0.99 0.83

T4 (2)

P = 420 kW

Km = 3.2 kW/1000L

Z = 132,765 L/24h

 Ae = 101,516 kWh/month S/W Ae = 16.039 Zm + 37632 0.741

Zm: 2,678.12 – 5,276.36 m3/month

Z16: 5,171 – 9,293 dm3/month

Z17: 29,191 – 44,207 dm3/month

Z18: 24,000 – 299,045 dm3/month

Z19: 1,184–3,388 dm3/month

Z20: 3,962 – 35,914 kg/month

Z21: 10,593 – 13,790 kg/month

Z22: 37,806 –187,223 kg/month

Z23: 281 – 3079 kg/month
Ae = 0.17·Z16 + 3.38·Z17 + 0.32·Z18 - 0.70·Z19 + 1.62·Z20 + 0.48·Z21 + 0.08·Z22 - 0.84·Z23 - 15048.70 0.984
We = 25.94 kWh/1000 L We = −0.0025 Zm + 35.795 0.526
We = 5∙10−6 ·Z16 - 0.002·Z17 + 4∙10−6·Z18 - 0.001·Z19 - 0.004·Z20 + 4∙10−6 ·Z21 + 2∙10−6·Z22 + 0.002·Z23 + 59.29 0.905

T4 (3)

P = 300 kW

Km = 6.6 kW/1000L

Z4d = 181,300 L/96 h

 Ae = 10,681 kWh/4d S/W Ae = 84.71Z4d - 4676.82 0.675 Z4d: 173,430 – 192,500 L/4d
We = 58.87 kWh/m3 We = 0.1479Z4d + 31.75 0.285
Ac = 56.93 GJ/4d Ac = 0.6966Z4d - 69.36 0.719
Wc = 313.56 MJ/m3 Wc = 2.00 Z4d - 48.81 0.482

Influence of the daily production profile and the installed capacity of electrical devices on energy consumption in T4 dairy plants (producing only milk, dairy beverages, tvorog, and, in some cases, also butter)

Season Total installed capacity P [kW] Average energy consumption Average energy consumption per unit of end product Multiple regression equation Coefficient of determination R2 Range of variation in independent variables
Ae [kWh /24h] Ac [GJ/24h] We [kWh/1000 L] Wc [GJ/1000 L]
S 50.0 – 2,385.0 (34) 2,374.1 59.305 32.13 1.0882 Ae = 559.42 + 29.374Z1 0.834 Z1: 2.5 – 80.6
Ae =345.63 + 4.420P1 + 18.787P2 0.950

P1: 0.0 –1785.0

P2: 7.5 –170.0
Ac = 18.658 + 0.460 Z1 + 1.766Z2 0.849

Z1: 2.5 – 80.6

Z2: 3.1 – 39.6
W 63.0 – 646.0 (24) 1,081.4 52.366 30.70 1.7502 Ae = 358.08 + 35.352Z1 0.672 Z1: 1.0 – 59.1
Ae = 463.75 + 6.235P3 0.429 P3: 6.0 – 250.0
Ac = −0.121 + 0.531P1 − 1.899P7 0.811

P1: 17.4 – 273.7

P7: 0.0 – 41.2
Ac = 30.777 + 1.054Z1 0.441 Z1: 1.0 – 59.1

Types of examined dairy plants

Type Production profile
T1 Milk, dairy beverages, cream, tvorog, cheese, butter, casein, milk powder
T2 Identical to T1 plants, excluding milk powder
T3 Identical to T1 plants, excluding milk, dairy beverages, cream, and tvorog
T4 Milk, dairy beverages, cream, and tvorog only

Literature on energy consumption and environmental performance of dairy plants

Research topic Authors
Energy consumption (direct) and energy conservation Budny & Weiss [2000], Baker & McKenzie [2005], Benedetti et al. [2016], Biglia et al. [2015], Boutaghriout et al. [2016], Bühler et al. [2018], Cosgrove et al. [2016], De Lima et al. [2018], Domínguez-Niño et al. [2017], Energy Performance Indicator Report [2001], Fushimi & Fukui [2014], Gugała et al. [2015], IFC – World Bank Group [2007], Herbst & Griffiths [1993], Kalla et al. [2017], Kapela et al. [2015], Marchi et al. [2022], Masanet et al. [2014], Milani et al. [2011], Pradella et al. [2017], Rad & Lewis [2014], Ramirez et al. [2006], Rao [1986], Samarin et al. [2020], Srinivasan et al. [2018], Wardrop Engineering Inc. [1997], WS Atkins [1998], Wojdalski [1991], Xu & Flapper [2009], Xu et al. [2012], Zhang et al. [2018].
Heat recovery Atkins et al. [2011], Atkins et al. [2010], Jbira et al. [2023]
Energy consumption in wastewater treatment Kowalczyk & Karp [2005], Dąbrowski & Żyłka [2015], Grala et al. [2010], Kowalczyk & Bąbała [2010], Krzemińska et al. [2013].
Renewable energy Schnitzer et al. [2007], Coskun et al. [2012]
Cleaner production standards Bosworth et al. [2000], Honkasalo et al. [2005].
Best available techniques Bosworth et al. [2000], WS Atkins [2005]
Environmental performance Burnett & Hansen [2008], Honkasalo [2003], Honkasalo et al. [2005], Maxime et al. [2006], Prasad et al. [2004], Prasad & Pagan [2006], Zielińska-Chmielewska [2020].
Energy efficiency and optimization of selected production processes Alves et al. [2014], Baker [2005], Bouman et al. [1993], Brush et al. [2011], Dobry et al. [2009], Đurić et al. [2005], Erbay et al. [2015], Gawałek & Wesołowski [2008], Jin & Chen [2009; 2011], Johnson & Langrish [2017], Jokandan et al. [2015], Kaleta & Chojnacka [2009], Kemp [2012], Leszczyńska & Lee [2016], Marks & Gut [2007], Moejes & Van Boxtel [2017], Munir et al. [2016], Murphy et al. [2013], Niamsuwan et al. [2013], Palianechka et al. [2022], Patel et al. [2009], Philipp et al. [2018], Písecký [2005; 2012], Raghavan et al. [2004], Seydel et al. [2006], Sikirica et al. [2003], Sorgüven & Özilgen [2012], Taghizadeh-Tabari et al. [2016], Walmsley et al. [2013], Yildirim & Genc [2017].
Financial and environmental implications of energy management Aymerich et al. [2015], Chauhan et al. [2006], Dalton et al. [2002], Egas et al. [2021], Geary et al. [2010].
Process integration Atkins et al. [2010; 2011], Chen et al. [2022], Kapustenko et al. [2008], Jbira et al. [2023], Kemp [2005], Lincoln et al. [2022], Schlossera et al. [2019], Walmsley et al. [2016; 2018].
Pulsed electric field processing Bendicho et al. [2002], Guerrero-Beltrán et al. [2010], Sepulveda et al. [2005]
Solar energy Boutaghriout et al. [2013], Camci [2020], Panchal et al. [2018]), Schnitzer et al. [2007]
Electric power substitution/electrification Bühler et al. [2019]
Life cycle assessment (LCA), carbon footprint (CF), sustainable development standards Djekič et al. [2014], Egas et al. [2021], Kim et al. [2013], Prakash & Henham [2014], Vasilaki et al. [2016], Vergé et al. [2007], Von Keyserlingk et al. [2013], Walmsley et al. [2015]
Cleaner production and the environmental impact of dairy production Dvarionienė et al. [2012], Dyer et al. [2008], Komisja Europejska [2010], Nutter et al. [2013], Özbay & Demirer [2007], Patankar et al. [2010], Saunders & Barber [2007]
Cleaning of production equipment Jeurnink & Brinkman [1994], Mierzejewska & Diakun [2011], Muthukumaran et al. [2004], Piepiórka-Stepuk et al. [2017]

General characteristics of the analysed types of dairy plants in summer and winter

FR1 Type of plant (Summer) Type of plant (Winter)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T1 T2 T3 T4
Kp1 0.59 – 3.10 0.36 – 5.66 0.54 – 3.10 0.62 – 2.42 0.32 – 2.90 0.22 – 2.99 0.25 – 2.90 0.40 – 1.16
Kp2 0.35 – 1.33 0.23 – 3.54 0.30 – 2.13 0.14 – 0.82 0.19 – 1.18 0.13 – 2.46 0.13 – 1.35 0.18 – 0.90
Uen1 3.52 – 17.74 3.93 – 40.46 5.30 – 31.67 1.13 – 21.40 4.13 – 17.74 1.16 – 39.55 1.17 – 17.74 2.26 – 13.53
Uen2 2.43 – 12.91 1.26 – 23.75 3.06 – 23.75 0.49 – 8.93 0.70 – 13.16 1.02 – 32.41 1.08 – 11.92 1.31 – 8.77
Km 3.74 – 13.69 2.63 – 28.79 4.02 – 28.79 0.99 – 24.66 1.76 – 24.66 1.99 – 34.33 1.99 – 32.26 3.38 – 24.64

Influence of the daily production profile and the installed capacity of electrical devices on energy consumption in T3 dairy plants (not producing milk, dairy beverages or tvorog)

Season Total installed capacity P [kW] Average energy consumption Average energy consumption per unit of end product Multiple regression equation Coefficient of determination R2 Range of variation in independent variables
Ae [kWh/24h] Ac [GJ/24h] We [kWh/1000 L] Wc [GJ/1000 L]
S 83.0 – 1,923.0 (22) 3,079.5 148.151 37.83 1.5542 Ae = 953.19 + 29.707Z4 + 430.898Z6 0.932

Z4: 10.0 – 335.8

Z6: 0 – 22.5
We = 42.633 - 0.481Z5 0.346 Z5: 0 – 80.3
Ac = −36.781 + 0.607P1 - 0.523P3 + 1.037P4 + 0.968P6 + 5.555P10 0.990

P1: 30.3 – 574.0

P3: 0.0 – 320.0

P4: 0.0 – 592.0

P6: 0.0 – 58.6

P10: 0.0 – 101.0
Wc = 1.476 + 0.001P4 - 0.012P6+0.013P10 0.662
Ac = 41.899 - 0.964Z3 + 2.204Z4 + 15.219Z6 0.971

Z3: 0 – 164.2

Z4: 10.0 – 335.8

Z5: 0– 80.3

Z6: 0 – 22.5
Wc = 1.6316-0.006Z3 + 0.003Z4 - 0.013Z5 0.608
W 30.3 – 1,938.0 (20) 3,548.8 230.243 42.82 2.9086

Ae = 2133.00 - 85.291Z4

We = 32.375 + 5.757Z6

0.660

0.770

Z4: 0 – 53.0

Z6: 0 – 7.9
Ac = 1.145 + 0.444P1 + 0.936P4 + 1.275P7 0.985

P1: 30.3 – 470.0

P4: 0.0 – 592.0

P7: 0.0 – 87.0
Wc = 2.2652 + 0.028P7 0.627
Ac = 117.423 + 62.187Z6 0.399 Z6: 0 – 7.9
Wc = 2,3795 + 0.291Z6 0.563

Factors that influence energy consumption in dairy production

Group of factors Measured parameters Symbols*
FR1 Basic operating parameters and process automation Km, Kp1, Kp2, N1, N2, P, Uen1, Uen2, Z, Zm, Z4d
FR2 Production profile** Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7, Z8, Z9, Z10, Z11, Z12, Z13, Z14, Z15, Z16, Z17, Z18, Z19, Z20, Z21, Z22, Z23
FR3 Technical equipment P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8

Influence of the daily production profile and the installed capacity of electrical devices on energy consumption in T1 dairy plants (producing milk powder)

Season Total installed capacity P [kW] Average energy consumption Average energy consumption per unit of end product Multiple regression equation Coefficient of determination R2 Range of variation in independent variables
Ae [kWh/24h] Ac [GJ/24h] We [kWh/1000 L] Wc [GJ/1000 L]
S 454.0 – 2,421.7 (21) 7,682.1 432.650 41.73 2.3207 Ae = 3944.70 + 37.110 Z4 0.568 Z4:19.0 – 335.8
Ac = 134.293 + 0.546P2 + 0.760P4 0.789

P2: 31.0 – 777.0

P4: 100.0 – 964.0
Ac = 140.56 + 2.433Z4 + 1.977Z5 + 0.815 Z8 0.834

Z4: 19.0 – 335.8

Z5: 0 – 81.8

Z8: 0 – 335.8
W 318.0–2,548.0 (19) 6,246.0 396.632 52.70 3.4125 Ae = 4289.00 + 41.401Z4 for Wc R2 < 0.20 0.502 Z4: 10.4 –282.7
Ac = 83.369 + 0.530P2 + 0.644P4 + 0.857P10 for Wc R2 < 0.34 0.846

P2: 31.0 – 777.0

P4: 100.0 – 964.0

P10: 0.0 – 358.3
Ac = 246.86 + 3.168 Z4 0.546 Z4: 10.4 – 282.7

Selected indicators and factors for analysing the energy performance of dairy plants

Indicators and factors for analysing energy performance Unit of measure Type of plant/production profile/product Indicators Source
Range according to Fig. 2 Mean Interval/season
Electric energy consumption kWh/m3 of raw milk Total production WZ 90 10 – 680 WS Atkins [1998]
kWh/m3 of milk Milk powder, cheese, butter, yogurt, dairy desserts 27 - Budny & Weiss [2000]
Cheese, tvorog, yogurt, dairy desserts 32 -
Cheese, butter, yogurt, dairy desserts - 34 – 52
Butter, milk powder, yogurt, dairy desserts - 53 – 57
Cheese, milk powder, butter 64
Cheese, butter 65
Yogurt, dairy desserts, tvorog, butter 66
kWh/m3 of milk Cheese WT - 2.9 – 6.6
kWh/Mg of butter Butter (continuous method) - 12.9 – 17.0
kWh/Mg of milk Milk processing output (based a study of three dairy plants) WZ - 30 – 80 Boutaghriou et al. [2016]
kWh/Mg of end product Milk powder WZ 429.9 377.0 – 482.9 Budny et al. [1984a]
Heat consumption GJ/m3 of raw milk Total production WZ 2.01 0.12 – 14 WS Atkins [1998]
MJ/m3 of processed milk Milk powder, cheese, butter, yogurt, dairy desserts 1348 - Budny & Weiss [2000]
Cheese, tvorog, yogurt, dairy desserts 1439 -
Cheese, butter, yogurt, dairy desserts - 1583 – 2380
Butter, milk powder, yogurt, dairy desserts - 2733 – 3171
Cheese, milk powder, butter 2882 -
Cheese, butter 1884 -
Yogurt, dairy desserts, tvorog, butter 2698 -
GJ/Mg of evaporated water Spray-drying WA 4.87 3 – 20 Baker & McKenzie [2005]
GJ/Mg of processed milk Modern dairy plants with heat recovery systems WZ 0.34 - Bosworth et al. [2001]
Modern plants where hot water is used as an energy carrier 0.50 -
Older plants where steam is used as an energy carrier 2.00 -
Total energy consumption MWh/Mg of milk powder Milk powder (mechanical vapor recompression, MVR) WP 3.08 - Bühler et al. [2019]
GJ/Mg of product Milk powder WZ 29.95 26.41–33.49 Budny et al. [1984a]
MWh/Mg of dry product Spray-drying of cheese whey WA 2.049 - Domínguez-Niño et al. [2018]
Fuel gas kWh/Mg of milk Total production (based on a study of three production plants) WZ - 100 – 220 Boutaghriou et al. [2016]
Total energy consumption GJ/m3 of processed milk* Milk, tvorog (based on a study of a selected dairy plant) - 3.04 1.93 – 2.47 Summer Wojdalski et al. [2007]
3.63 – 4.19 Winter
GJ/m3 of processed milk** WZ 2.46 1.40 –1.96 Summer
3.04 – 3.55 Winter
Total energy consumption kWh/kg of evaporated water Three-phase evaporator WA 0.14 - Prasad et al. [2004]
Five-phase evaporator 0.085 - Prasad et al. [2004]
Total energy consumption expressed in fuel equivalents kg of fuel equivalent/m3 of processed milk* Milk, tvorog (based on a study of a selected dairy plant) WZ 104 66 – 84 Summer Wojdalski et al. [2007]
124 –143 Winter
kg of fuel equivalent/m3 of processed milk** 84 48 – 67 Summer
103–121 Winter
Energy consumption in wastewater treatment kWh/kg BOD5 Total production WT - 0.89 – 3.22 Kowalczyk & Karp [2005]
kWh/m3 of wastewater - 1.94 – 6.32
SO2 emissions kg/m3 of raw milk Total production WZ 1.65 0.05 – 22.4 WS Atkins [1998]
kg/m3 of processed milk - 0.83 - Wojdalski et al. [2007]
NOx emissions kg/m3 of raw milk Total production WZ 0.49 0.03 – 6.4 WS Atkins [1998]
kg/m3 of processed milk - 0.60 - Wojdalski et al. [2007]
CO2 emissions kg/m3 of raw milk Total production WZ 1.97 0.01 – 9.23 WS Atkins [1998]
kg/m3 of processed milk 1.25 - Wojdalski et al. [2007]
Carbon footprint of end products kg CO2eq/kg of butter Butter WZ 8.1 - Flysjö et al. [2014]
kg CO2eq/kg of milk powder Milk powder 7.4 -
kg CO2eq/kg of cheese Cheese 6.5 -
kg CO2eq/kg of dairy beverage Dairy beverages 1.2 -
Particulate-matter emissions kg/m3 of raw milk Total production 1.3 0.01 –14.4 WS Atkins [1998]
kg/m3 of processed milk Total production WZ 1.15 - Wojdalski et al. [2007]
Black carbon emissions kg/m3 of raw milk Total production WZ 19 0.01 – 193 WS Atkins [1998]
kg/m3 of processed milk Total production - 0.04 - Wojdalski et al. [2007]

Structure of energy consumption in the analysed dairy plant

Process/operation [kJ/Mg of milk] Percent share [%]
Steam Direct fuel consumption Refrigeration Other machines and devices Total
End product storage - - 41,868 - 41,868 9.46
Packing - 3,489 - - 3,489 0.71
Storage before packing - - 20,934 - 20,934 4.73
Deodorissation 5,815 - - - 5,815 1.32
Cooling - - 19,771 - 19,771 4.47
Homogenisation - - - 2,326 2,326 0.53
Pasteurisation 213,992 - - - 213,992 48.30
Separation - - - 41,868 41,868 9.46
Clarification/Standardisation - - - 20,934 20,934 4.73
Reception and Storage - 30,238 41,868 - 72,106 16.29
Total 219,807 33,727 124,441 65,128 443,103 100

Influence of the daily production profile and the installed capacity of electrical devices on energy consumption in T2 dairy plants (not producing milk powder)

Season Total installed capacity P [kW] Average energy consumption Average energy consumption per unit of end product Multiple regression equation Coefficient of determination R2 Range of variation in independent variables
Ae [kWh/24h] Ac [GJ/24h] We [kWh/1000 L] Wc [GJ/1000 L]
S 83.0 – 2,935.0 (37) 3,289.9 118.909 39.52 1.3607 Ae= 748.34 + 60.1453Z1 + 39.4929Z3 + 22.079Z5 + 75.286Z8 for We R2 < 0.32 0.442

Z1: 0 – 211

Z3: 0 – 164

Z5: 0 – 141

Z8: 0 – 157.5
Ac= 1.152 + 0.310P1 + 1.266P2 + 1.082P6 for Wc R2 < 0.37 0.860

P1: 24.4 – 1155.1

P2: 0.0 – 434.0

P6: 250.0 – 956.0
Ac= 18.295 + 1.501Z1 + 1.748Z2 + 0.990Z3 +1.006 Z5 −5.385 Z7 + 5.265 Z8 0.830

Z1: 0 – 211

Z2: 0 – 73

Z3: 0 – 164

Z5: 0 – 141

Z7: 0 – 44.4

Z8: 0 – 157.5
W 30.3 – 1,938.0 (24) 2129.3 120.581 39.92 2.4672 Ae = 864.92 + 94.4138Z2 + 104.032Z8 for We R2 < 0.20 0.603

Z2: 0 – 63.6

Z8: 0 – 75.6
Ac = −4.109+0.364P1 +0.989P2+ 1.080P7 + 0.191P10 for Wc R2 < 0.33 0.896

P1: 30.3 – 708.0

P2: 0.0– 312.0

P7: 0.0 – 68.0

P10: 0.0 – 377.0
Ac = 26.259+2.981Z1 +2.492Z3 + 15.157Z7 + 6.733Z8 0.693

Z1: 0 – 111.6

Z3: 0 – 64.2

Z7: 0 – 9.9

Z8: 0 – 75.6
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Nauki biologiczne, Ekologia
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