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Analysis of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey

Banu Kutlu
Banu Kutlu
, 
Tahir Özcan
Tahir Özcan
 oraz 
Gülnaz Özcan
Gülnaz Özcan
   | 03 gru 2021
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Article Category: Original research paper
Data publikacji: 03 gru 2021
Zakres stron: 411 - 420
Otrzymano: 31 mar 2021
Przyjęty: 23 cze 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0035
Słowa kluczowe
© 2021 Banu Kutlu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Iskenderun Bay sampling area
Iskenderun Bay sampling area

Figure 2

Similarity analysis for the heavy metals
Similarity analysis for the heavy metals

Figure 3

Similarity analysis for the study sites
Similarity analysis for the study sites

Element Observed Permissible Detection limits
Cu 104 108 0.01
Pb 118 126 0.01
Zn 319.6 317 0.1
Ni 38.7 40.3 0.1
Mn 575 575 1
Fe 23.000 23.300 100
As 25 25.5 0.1
Cd 2.41 2.40 0.01
Cr 110.7 121 0.5
Hg 0.0203 0.0200 0.005

Contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) values in Iskenderun Bay

Site No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cu 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.56 0.21
Pb 0.52 0.49 0.10 0.13 0.27 0.29 0.64 0.26
Zn 0.41 0.41 0.27 0.25 0.32 0.32 0.74 0.29
Ni 11.7 12.4 24.6 21.4 1.70 1.95 3.71 1.54
Mn 0.58 0.62 0.86 0.59 0.82 0.88 0.76 0.84
Fe 0.66 0.68 0.82 0.78 0.42 0.42 0.64 0.36
As 3.83 4.16 7.38 9.27 8.50 8.88 5.55 7.94
Cd 0.7 0.65 0.15 0.15 0.5 0.5 0.85 0.65
Cr 5.31 5.73 2.49 3.92 0.75 0.81 1.53 0.77
Hg 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.02
PLI 0.11 0.09 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.16 0.0

Iskenderun Bay sampling sites

Sites Coordinates General characteristics Depth (m)
1 36°39′39″N 36°12′46″E The site is located in an industrial zone, 11 km from Iskenderun. The region is located near heavy industrial facilities. 2.5
2 36°38′06″N 36°12′10″E The site is located 8 km from Iskenderun. 3
3 36°27′12″N 35°55′35″E The region is located near agricultural land and tourist activities. In the western part of the site there is a small stream that drains into the sea. 2
4 36°21′40″N 35°49′23″E The site is located 48 km from Iskenderun and 11 km from Arsuz, and away from the industrial area. 3
5 36°51′00″N 35°54′41″E The site is located in the Yumurtalık Gölovası region, which is located near a thermal power plant and a terminal where oil transporta on is carried out. 11
6 36°51′08″N 35°54′54″E The site is located near a thermal power plant and a terminal where oil transportation is carried out. 8
7 36°50′40″N 35°55′12″E The site is located near a thermal power plant and a terminal where oil transportation is carried out. 25
8 36°51′16″N 35°54′43″E The site is located near a thermal power plant and a terminal where oil transportation is carried out. 7

Sediment values according to EPA

Metal (mg kg−1) Not polluted Moderately polluted Heavily polluted Current study
Cu < 25 25–30 > 50 9.66–25.39
Pb < 40 40–60 > 60 2.11–12.93
Zn < 90 90–200 > 200 23.9–70.6
Ni < 20 20–50 > 50 104.8–1673.6
Mn < 300 300–500 > 500 494–750
Fe < 17 000 17 000–25 000 > 25000 17300–38800
As < 3 3–8 > 8 6.9–16.7
Cd - - > 6 0.03–0.17
Cr < 25 25–75 > 75 68.2–515.8
Hg < 1 > −1 > 1 0–0.004

Heavy metal concentrations (mg kg−1)

Site No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cu 12.68 11.32 10.32 11.47 11.15 11.28 25.39 9.66
Pb 10.40 9.80 2.11 2.73 5.57 5.81 12.93 5.20
Zn 39.7 39.8 26.3 23.9 31.0 30.8 70.6 27.6
Ni 797.7 848.0 1673.6 1460 115.7 132.9 252.6 104.8
Mn 494 535 738 504 699 750 649 719
Fe 31300 32000 38800 36700 19900 19900 30200 17300
As 6.9 7.5 13.3 16.7 15.3 16.0 10.0 14.3
Cd 0.14 0.13 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.12
Cr 478.4 515.8 224.6 353.5 68.2 73.3 138.5 70
Hg 0.034 0.028 0.005 0.005 0.012 0.014 0.045 0.01

Descriptive and background level values of the variables (mg kg−1)

Cu Pb Zn Ni Mn Fe As Cd Cr Hg
Heavy metal Av. 12.90 6.81 36.21 673.26 636.0 28262 12.5 0.10 240.2 0.01
Iskenderun Gulf 16.77 15.72 89.15 646.14 1166.3 9.75 0.26 1687.2
Ambarlı Port 280 96 346 53 339
Laizhou Bay 22 21.9 60.4 0.12 60
Liaodon Bay 19.4 31.8 71.7 22.5 1.2 46.4
Coastal Bohai Bay 38.5 34.7 131.1 40.7 0.22 101.4
Interdial Bohai Bay 24 21.11 89.60 41.35 0.12 68.6
Al-khobar Area 330 9.4 86 116 244 16.73 3.1 83 1.61
Standard error 5.11 3.83 15.06 629.01 108.7 8187 3.85 0.05 186.1 0.01
Sand Sediment 40.00 17.00 65.00 40.0 680.0 19.22 - - 74.00 650
Sandstone 9.00 7.00 16.00 2.00 90.00 1 1.00 0.09 35.00 240
Shale 45.00 20.00 95.00 50.00 85.00 13.0 0.30 90.00
Upper crust 25.00 16.00 71.00 50.00 600.0 1.50 0.001 85.00
Soil 21.00 14.00 94.00 24.00 600.0 7.40 0.34 64.00
TEL 19 30.2 124 15.9 7.2 0.68 52.3 0.70
PEL 110 110 270 42.8 42 4.2 160 1.4

Enrichment factor (EF) measured in Iskenderun Bay

Site No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ave.
Cu 0.42 0.36 0.27 3.22 0.58 0.59 0.87 0.58 0.50
Pb 0.78 0.71 0.12 0.17 0.65 0.68 1.00 0.70 0.60
Zn 0.62 0.61 0.33 0.32 0.77 0.76 1.15 0.78 0.67
Ni 17.6 18.3 29.8 27.5 4.01 4.61 5.78 4.18 13.98
Mn 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
As 5.75 6.11 8.95 11.8 20.0 20.9 8.64 21.5 13.00
Cd 1.05 0.95 0.18 0.19 1.18 1.18 1.32 1.63 0.96
Cr 7.98 8.41 3.02 5.03 1.78 1.92 2.39 2.11 4.08
Hg 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.17 0.06 0.08

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between variables (boldface figures represent statistically significant correlations at 95% confidence interval)

Cu Pb Zn Ni Mn Fe As Cd Cr Hg PER PLI
Cu 1
Pb 0.71*
Zn 0.94** 0.88**
Ni −024 −0.43 −0.33
Mn −0.07 −0.34 −0.12 −0.39
Fe 0.14 −0.06 0.858 0.91** −0.51
As –0.33 −0.78* −0.57 −0.05 0.51 −0.31
Cd 0.57 0.92** 0.76* −0.70 −0.10 −0.41 −0.63
Cr −0.11 0.26 001 0.58 −0.87 0.66 −066 0.0
Hg 0.77* 0.98** 0.91 −0.31 −0.36 0.07 −0.79 0.86** 0.29

Potential ecological index (RI) for a single metal (E.f^i)

Site No. Cu Pb Zn Ni As Cd Cr Hg RI
1 1.40 2.60 0.41 58.66 38.33 21 10.63 3.40 136.46
2 1.25 2.45 0.41 62.35 41.66 19.5 11.46 2.80 141.91
3 1.14 0.52 0.27 123.05 73.88 4.5 4.99 0.50 208.89
4 1.27 0.68 0.25 107.39 92.77 4.5 7.85 0.50 215.24
5 1.23 1.39 0.32 8.50 85.00 15.0 1.51 1.20 114.18
6 1.25 1.45 0.32 9.77 88.88 42 1.62 1.40 119.72
7 2.82 3.23 0.74 18.57 55.55 25.5 3.07 4.50 114.00
8 1.07 1.30 0.29 7.70 79.44 18 1.55 1.00 110.37
Average 1.43 1.70 0.38 49.05 69.44 15.37 5.33 1.91 145.09

Geoaccumulation (Igeo) values for the sampling sites

Site No. Igeo
Cu Pb Zn Ni Mn Fe As Cd Cr Hg
1 3.58 1.67 3.82 −0.83 7.97 12.03 2.12 −3.24 −6.96 −6.9
2 2.61 1.77 3.91 −0.76 8.06 12.17 2.22 −3.29 −7.09 −6.7
3 1.48 0.31 2.56 −37.4 6.33 7.37 0.93 –5.25 −8.49 −8.3
4 2.66 1.04 3.77 −6.74 8.08 12.10 2.61 –5.13 −2.08 −7.9
5 2.78 1.79 4.08 5.71 8.51 12.89 2.83 –3.54 10.8 −6.9
6 2.81 1.84 4.11 −5.79 8.47 12.94 2.88 −3.53 −11.3 −6.7
7 3.80 2.82 5.06 6.62 8.81 13.73 2.92 −2.75 −11.6 −5.5
8 2.55 1.62 3.87 5.49 8.23 12.66 2.62 −3.36 −14.3 −7.1
Mean 2.78 1.61 3.90 −2.76 8.06 11.99 2.39 −3.76 −9.10 −7.0

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

PC1 PC2 PC3
Cu 0.34 0.02 0.49
Pb 0.40 −0.06 −0.14
Zn 0.39 −0.00 0.27
Ni −0.20 −0.42 0.32
Mn −0.10 0.42 0.15
Fe −0.03 −0.45 0.44
As −0.27 0.31 0.29
Cd 0.38 0.09 −0.31
Cr 0.04 −0.50 −0.23
Al 0.33 0.21 0.30
Hg 0.40 −0.10 −0.02
Eigenvalue 5.71 3.48 1.23
% Variance 51.96 31.64 11.29
% Clustering 51.96 83.60 1.23
eISSN:
1897-3191
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Chemistry, other, Geosciences, Life Sciences
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