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Effect of water quality on the spatial distribution of charophytes in the Peshawar Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Izaz Khuram
Izaz Khuram
, 
Nadeem Ahmad
Nadeem Ahmad
 oraz 
Sophia Barinova
Sophia Barinova
   | 03 gru 2021
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Article Category: Original research paper
Data publikacji: 03 gru 2021
Zakres stron: 359 - 372
Otrzymano: 01 maj 2021
Przyjęty: 02 cze 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0031
Słowa kluczowe
© 2021 Izaz Khuram et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Map of the Peshawar Valley showing the study sites
Map of the Peshawar Valley showing the study sites

Figure 2

Map of the Peshawar Valley showing the spatial distribution of charophytes
Map of the Peshawar Valley showing the spatial distribution of charophytes

Figure 3

Spatial distribution of six Charophyta species at the sampling sites in the Peshawar Valley. Chara braunii (a); C. connivens (b); C. contraria (c); C. globularis (d); C. vulgaris (e); Nitellopsis obtusa (f)
Spatial distribution of six Charophyta species at the sampling sites in the Peshawar Valley. Chara braunii (a); C. connivens (b); C. contraria (c); C. globularis (d); C. vulgaris (e); Nitellopsis obtusa (f)

Figure 4

Distribution of water quality parameters in the water bodies of the Peshawar Valley. Water temperature (a); pH (b); Salinity (c); Dissolved Oxygen (d)
Distribution of water quality parameters in the water bodies of the Peshawar Valley. Water temperature (a); pH (b); Salinity (c); Dissolved Oxygen (d)

Figure 5

Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) biplot of environmental variables in relation to species richness at the sampling sites in the Peshawar Valley
Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) biplot of environmental variables in relation to species richness at the sampling sites in the Peshawar Valley

Figure 6

Statistical plots of Charophyta species in relation to water quality variables in the water bodies of the Peshawar Valley. Dissolved Oxygen (a); Electrical conductivity (b); ORP (c); pH (d)
Statistical plots of Charophyta species in relation to water quality variables in the water bodies of the Peshawar Valley. Dissolved Oxygen (a); Electrical conductivity (b); ORP (c); pH (d)

Figure 7

Statistical plots of Charophyta species in relation to water quality variables in the water bodies of the Peshawar Valley. Resistivity (a); Salinity (b); TDS (c); Water temperature (d)
Statistical plots of Charophyta species in relation to water quality variables in the water bodies of the Peshawar Valley. Resistivity (a); Salinity (b); TDS (c); Water temperature (d)

Figure 8

Bray–Curtis similarity tree of Charophyta communities at the sampling sites in the Peshawar Valley
Bray–Curtis similarity tree of Charophyta communities at the sampling sites in the Peshawar Valley

Charophyta species and water quality parameters in the Peshawar Valley

Site Code Chara braunii Chara connivens Chara contraria Chara globularis Chara vulgaris Nitellopsis obtusa Temp. °C pH ORP mV EC, μS cm−1 Resis. Ω-cm TDS ppm Sal. PSU DO mg l−1
KRW − − − − + − 15.84 8.19 67.4 435 1786 197 0.19 3.34
KRHZ − − − − + − 14.9 8.36 88.6 468 2158 240 0.24 4.16
NRN − − − − + − 11.58 8.34 147.3 471 2123 236 0.23 3.12
NRNA − − − − + − 11.94 8.25 28 468 2137 234 0.23 3.82
NRJ − − − + − − 14.07 8.41 86.3 438 2283 219 0.21 4.42
SARM − − − + − − 18.61 8.28 101.3 437 2288 218 0.21 3.48
SARSA − − − + + − 11.66 8.39 −50.8 474 2110 237 0.23 2.27
SRM − − − + − − 13.9 8.66 94.9 243 4115 122 0.12 4.34
SRDG − − − − + − 15.28 7.78 24.6 525 1905 262 0.26 3.91
SRC − + − − − − 16.44 8.39 74.5 308 3247 154 0.15 4.01
ARC − − − + − − 17.44 7.87 63.1 469 2132 234 0.23 3.83
JRTHR − − + − + − 16.42 8.49 68.2 582 1718 291 0.28 2.93
JRK − − − + + − 16.09 8.53 99.1 531 1883 265 0.26 4.39
JRU − − − − + − 15.24 8.07 67 565 1770 283 0.28 4.15
JRPM − − + − − − 14.74 8.2 82.4 549 1821 274 0.27 4.29
IRG − − + − + + 16.54 8.36 131.4 311 3215 156 0.15 3.44
IRAK − − − − + − 10.32 8.25 120.1 643 1555 321 0.32 3.84
SKSU − − − − + − 18.8 8.03 99.3 430 1753 176 0.17 4.02
JSJ − − − − + − 15.71 5.63 236.2 586 2152 297 0.29 3.34
JSMKK − − − − + − 14.79 8.34 63.3 554 1805 277 0.27 4.79
UKSUA − − − − + − 15.03 8.3 78.8 532 1880 266 0.26 4.66
BKSH − − − − + − 18.19 8.15 106.5 547 1828 274 0.27 4.59
GKSSD − − − − + − 16.93 7.8 124.5 581 1721 291 0.28 4.52
LKSLK − − − − + − 17.89 8.18 105.8 258 2175 315 0.31 4.46
SDSSD − − − − + − 15.25 8.45 101.2 296 2256 326 0.32 6.2
SDSSA − − − − + − 14.86 8.38 76.4 477 2096 239 0.23 5.09
BSH − − − − + − 19.37 7.71 85.7 557 1795 278 0.27 3.98
BSB − − − + + − 17.53 8.77 75 506 1976 253 0.25 8.09
BSGK − − − − + − 14.49 8.37 70.2 552 1812 276 0.27 4.59
PTSC − − − − + − 18.5 7.92 60.9 487 2053 244 0.24 3.82
DSHW − − − − + − 15.28 8.24 16.5 238 4202 119 0.11 2.66
MSM − − − − + − 18.53 7.85 78.7 402 2488 201 0.19 3.82
GSKR − − − − + − 18.22 8.12 87.7 579 1727 289 0.28 4.11
NST − − − − + − 14.66 8 71.5 468 2137 234 0.23 3.52
NSA − − + − + − 14.38 8.02 87.4 501 1996 250 0.24 3.46
NSSCR − − − − + − 12.28 8.35 71.1 639 1565 320 0.31 3.75
BSP − − + + + − 10.86 9.58 65.6 203 4926 102 0.1 4.34
PSP + − − − + − 11.99 8.84 63.5 269 3717 135 0.13 4.19
BSMK − − + − − − 16.33 8.1 54.2 509 1965 255 0.25 3.58
WWP − − − + + − 18.86 8.92 28.5 513 1949 256 0.25 2.22
JGWM − − − − + − 16.62 9.28 74.9 257 3891 128 0.12 7.02

Study sites in the Peshawar Valley with geographic locations

No. Site Name Site Code Latitude Longitude
1 Kabul River–Warsak KRW 34°10′6.96″ 71°24′15.84″
2 Kabul River–Haji Zai KRHZ 34°10′6.96″ 71°35′28.32″
3 Naguman River–Niyami NRN 34°8′40.92″ 71°32′58.56″
4 Naguman River–Naguman NRNA 34°7′19.56″ 71°36′25.2″
5 Naguman River–Jalabella NRJ 34°5′54.6″ 71°41′9.6″
6 Shah Alam River–Michni SARM 34°10″17.04″ 71°26′4.56″
7 Shah Alam River–Shah Alam SARSA 34°5′39.48″ 71°36′41.04″
8 Swat River–Munda SRM 34°19′37.2″ 71°34′23.88″
9 Swat River–Dildar Gharhi SRDG 34°14′44.52″ 71°38′50.28″
10 Swat River–Charsadda SRC 34°8′25.44″ 71°42′19.8″
11 Abazai River–Cheena ARC 34°14′30.12″ 71°41′27.96″
12 Jindi River–Tangi Harichand Road JRTHR 34°19′15.96″ 71°41′39.48″
13 Jindi River–Kanewar JRK 34°16′57″ 71°40′54.48″
14 Jindi River–Umarzai JRU 34°14′21.84″ 71°42′57.6″
15 Jindi River–Prang Majoke JRPM 34°8′0.24″ 71°44′14.64″
16 Indus River–Galla IRG 34°2′29.04″ 72°38′55.68″
17 Indus River–Attock Khurd IRAK 33°53′55.32″ 72°15′12.6″
18 Subhan Khwar Stream–Uchawala SKSU 34°11′6″ 71°34′17.76″
19 Jalala Stream–Jalala JSJ 34°19′50.52″ 71°54′29.52″
20 Jalala Stream–Mahabat Khan Koroona JSMKK 34°17′43.44″ 71°58′35.4″
21 Uch Khwar Stream–Umar Abad UKSUA 34°18′12.24″ 71°59′34.8″
22 Bama Kandah Stream–Hathian BKSH 34°23′6.72″ 71°55′59.16″
23 Ghargo Kandah Stream–Spalano Dheri GKSSD 34°23″25.44″ 71°57′10.8″
24 Lund Khwar Stream–Lund Khwar LKSLK 34°23′26.16″ 71°59′8.52″
25 Shamsi Dan Stream–Shamsi Dan SDSSD 34°22′5.52″ 72°1′21″
26 Shamsi Dan Stream–Said Abad SDSSA 34°18′36″ 71°59′39.84″
27 Balar Stream–Hamzakot BSH 34°20′56.4″ 72°16′43.68″
28 Balar Stream–Bakhshali BSB 34°17′1.68″ 72°9′11.16″
29 Balar Stream–Gari Kapura BSGK 34°11′51.36″ 72°9′26.64″
30 Pacha Tangi Stream–Cheena PTSC 34°21′3.6″ 72°15′58.32″
31 Dagi Stream–Hera Wand DSHW 34°20′36.6″ 72°17′34.44″
32 Machi Stream–Machi MSM 34°18′9″ 72°18′16.92″
33 Gadar Stream–Katlang Road GSKR 34°19′33.96″ 72°3′35.64″
34 Naranji Stream–Turlandi NST 34°13′1.56″ 72°19′20.64″
35 Naranji Stream–Adina NSA 34°12′57.96″ 72°16′26.76″
36 Naranji Stream–Sim Canal Road NSSCR 34°10′27.48″ 72°10′3.36″
37 Bada Stream–Pabaini BSP 34°9′10.08″ 72°35′35.52″
38 Panjman Stream–Panjman PSP 34°11′0.24″ 72°34′56.64″
39 Badri Stream–Mami Khel BSMK 34°7′58.8″ 72°27′58.68″
40 Warsak Wetland–Peshawar WWP 34°7′53.76″ 71°25′18.12″
41 Jamal Gharhi Wetland–Mardan JGWM 34°19′16.32″ 72°0′59.4″
eISSN:
1897-3191
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Chemistry, other, Geosciences, Life Sciences
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