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Publishing, sharing, and spreading online news: A case study of gatekeeping logics in the platform era

Michael Karlsson
Michael Karlsson
, 
Elizabeth Van Couvering
Elizabeth Van Couvering
 oraz 
Johan Lindell
Johan Lindell
   | 15 paź 2022
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Data publikacji: 15 paź 2022
Zakres stron: 190 - 213
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2022-0012
Słowa kluczowe
© 2022 Michael Karlsson et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Content characteristics’ effect on news sharing

Content characteristic themes Content charactersitics variables OLS Regression analysis (standard error in parentheses)
Journalistic Style Emotional style (ref: not emotional) 332.665 (259.990)
Impersonal style (ref: personal) 508.563 (388.578)
Positive tonality (ref: no tonality) 89.495 (373.017)
Negative tonality (ref: no tonality) 87.491 (325.036)
Interpretative style (ref: descriptive style) 1335.793*** (402.448)
Critical positioning (ref: neutral) −338.068 (496.644)
Advertorial positioning (ref: neutral) −1557.548* (751.194)
No detectable positioning (ref: neutral) −956.185* (429.770)
Multimodality Photography attached (ref: no photo) −123.909 (280.923)
Video (ref: none) 264.434 (398.651)
Audio (ref: none) −619.886 (423.797)
Topic (ref: “other” incl. weather) Politics −622.008 (652.234)
Economy −561.298 (721.542)
Social issues −371.616 (613.186)
Sports −194.602 (571.136)
Accidents −235.132 (643.155)
Culture 1353.507* (641.192)
Entertainment −320.166 (561.225)
Science/tech. 2684.851*** (781.693)
Media −949.041 (1123.215)
Environment −884.136 (887.246)
Crime 628.135 (590.565)
Lifestyle/health −711.946 (615.752)
War/conflict −182.370 (787.948)
Geographical scope (ref: local) Unable to identify geographical scope −566.163 (760.358)
Regional 252.898 (766.504)
National 562.836 (337.299)
International 119.617 (321.476)
Temporality (ref: current) Unable to identify temporality 805.516 (549.910)
Past −638.522 (396.356)
Future −444.175 (576.650)
Original news story (ref: not original news) − −408.780 (358.913)
Civic engagement-index − 204.662 (523.231)
Framing Social (ref: not applicable) −530.646 (496.896)
Individual (ref: not applicable) −71.347 (415.883)
Thematic (ref: episodic) 1033.484** (345.608)
Citizen contribution (ref: no contribution) − 3188.259*** (848.629)
Gender of author (ref: woman) Unable to identify author gender −1032.360* (415.388)
Man −751.422** (261.811)
Man and woman −687.464 (577.210)
Constant −69.494
Adjusted R2 0.065
R2 9.4%
n 1,235

Characteristics of news that are not shared, shared a few times, and shared many times (non-linear patterns)

Spreading pattern Content variable Duds (Non-shared) Squibs (Shared 1–10) Hits (Shared 100+)
Rise then no change (Upper plateau) News with focus on present 77 84** 79
Rise then decline (Hump) Audio, yes 4 12*** 4***
International news 31 44*** 35**
No change then rise (Hook) Civic news index variables:
Societal actors present 10 12 24***†††
Decision making authorities present 16 19 30***†††
Policy plan present 11 13 21***†††
Actors concerned present 6 7 16***†††
Social framing (c.f. individual) 33 36 46**†††
Thematic framing (c.f. episodic) 18 19 32***†††
Personal (c.f. impersonal) 30 31 44***†††
Negative tonality (c.f. pos. or n.a.) 16 19 38***†††
Interpretive style (c.f. descriptive) 33 36 47***†††
Jour positioning critical 5 6 20***†††
National news 27 24 43***†††
Origin: other 3 3 6*†††
Citizen contribution 1 1 3*†††
Topic: Politics 12 14 20*†††
Topic: Media 2 1 2*
Topic: Environment 1 2 4*†††
Topic: Culture 5 5 8††
Topic: Social issues 7 7 10†
News with historical focus 8 9 11†
Gender of author: Male 36 40 47*†††
Gender of author: Female 30 31 38*†††
Gender of author: Both 2 2 7***†††
No change then decline (Dip) Jour positioning neutral 92 91 77***†††
n.a. tonality (c.f. neg. or pos.) 68 69 46***†††
Local news 31 27 18**†††
Regional news 4 3 1†
News with future focus 5 3 3†
Origin: Agency 15 12 3***†††
Origin: n.a. 11 8 1***†††
Topic: business 6 5 3†
Topic: Sports 14 15 8***†††
Topic: Weather 1 1 0*
Gender of author: n.a. 32 27 8***†††
Decline than rise (Dim-ple) Video, yes 13 7*** 17†***
Decline then no change (Lower plateau) Positive tonality (c.f. neg. or n.a.) 17 13* 16
News without geographical ID 7 3*** 3†††
News without time ID 10 4*** 7
Topic: Lifestyle, fitness 12 8* 8†

Overview of media organisations studied

Media Origin Reach (weekly unique visitors, thousands) October 2016
Svt.se Public service broadcaster (TV) 1,611
Sverigesradio.se Public service broadcaster (Radio) 879
Aftonbladet.se National tabloid 3,261
Expressen.se National tabloid 2,685
DN.se National broadsheet 1,066
Svd.se National broadsheet 1,077
Tv4 Commercial national broadcaster n.a.
Metro Free daily (mostly distributed in Stockholm but also in some other cities) 199
ABC Regional public service broadcaster (TV) n.a.*
SR Värmland Regional public service broadcaster (Radio) n.a.*
Värmlands Folkblad Local daily 70
Nya Wermlandstidningen Local daily 99
Mittnytt Regional public service broad-caster (TV) n.a.*
Sundsvalls Nyheter Free weekly n.a.
P4 Västmanland Regional public service broadcaster (Radio) n.a.*
Vestmanlands Läns Tidning Local daily 104
Västerås Tidning Free weekly n.a.

Variables studied and intercoder reliability test results

Variable Average Holsti Fleiss Kappa
Photography 0.93 0.87
Video/audio 0.96 0.78
Citizen contribution 1.00 1.00
Shares on Facebook 0.96 0.83
News topic 0.85 0.83
Societal actors* 0.97 0.75
Decision-making authorities* 0.89 0.63
Policy plan* 0.90 0.62
Actors concerned* 0.91 0.53
Framing individual-social relevance* 0.82 0.69
Framing episodic-thematic* 0.92 0.75
Personal-impersonal* 0.95 0.72
Emotional-unemotional* 0.83 0.44
Dominant tonality* 0.82 0.60
Journalistic style interpretive/descriptive* 0.91 0.63
Journalistic positioning vis-à-vis subject* 0.90 0.67
Timeliness* 0.83 0.62
Main geographical area of reporting 0.85 0.71
Origin of news 0.89 0.78
Gender of author 0.98 0.97
Average score 0.90 0.72

Odds of being a news dud

Content characteristics themes Content characteristics variables Odds ratios Lower CI Upper CI
Media type (ref: local PBS) Tabloid .115*** .079 .168
National broadcaster 1.085 .691 1.706
Urban broadsheet .573** .397 .829
Provincial daily .531** .369 .765
Emotionality Emotional style (ref: not emotional) .705** .577 .862
Impersonal style (ref: personal) .907 .672 1.224
Negative tonality (ref: not applicable) .970 .748 1.257
Positive tonality (ref: not applicable) 1.363*** 1.027 1.809
Interpretative style (ref: descriptive style) 1.026 .746 1.411
No detectable positioning (ref: neutral) .844 .610 1.167
Critical positioning (ref: neutral) .818 .534 1.253
Advertorial positioning (ref: neutral) .791 .449 1.393
Multimodality Photography attached (ref: no photo) .608*** .496 .744
Audio/visual elements (ref: no audio/visuals) .600*** .459 .785
News topic (ref: “other” incl. weather) Politics .901 .560 1.450
Economy .987 .595 1.636
Social issues .594* .374 .942
Sports 1.353 .891 2.057
Accidents 1.041 .643 1.685
Culture .555* .341 .902
Entertainment 1.244 .810 1.910
Science/tech. .848 .478 1.505
Media 1.226 .554 2.714
Environment .575 .283 1.169
Crime .732 .474 1.130
Lifestyle/health 1.557* 1.000 2.425
War/conflict .769 .417 1.416
Geographical scope (ref: local) Unable to identify geographical scope 2.083** 1.269 3.419
Regional 1.197 .719 1.995
National 1.148 .872 1.511
International .672 1.062 .805
Temporality (ref: current) Unable to identify temporality 1.252 .862 1.820
Past 1.251 .917 1.707
Future 1.069 .713 1.603
Framing Individual (ref: not applicable) .689* .517 .919
Social (ref: not applicable) .487*** .343 .691
Thematic (ref: episodic) .969 .745 1.260
Citizen contribution (ref: no contribution) − .341 .683 .312
Gender of author (ref: woman) Unable to identify author gender .899 .658 1.229
Man .809* .660 .990
Man and woman .510* .297 .877
Civic engagement-index − .655* .434 .989
Original news story (ref: not original news) − .680** .518 .892
Constant 2.671
Nagelkerke R2 25.5%
Hosmer Lemeshow .109
n 2,871

Characteristics of news that are not shared, shared a few times, and shared many times (linear patterns)

Content variable Duds (non-shared) Squibs (Shared 1–10) Hits (Shared 10+)
Continuous rise (Rise) Photography, yes 66 73** 80†††*
Emotional (c.f. Unemotional) 38 44* 70***†††
Origin: own journo 67 73* 86***†††
No change (Flatline) – 9 cases Jour positioning advertorial 3 3 3
Origin: Mix of jour+agency 1 2 1
Origin: partner 3 3 3
Topic: Accidents/disaster 6 5 5
Topic: Crime 11 12 9
Topic: war/conflict 3 5 3
Topic: Others 7 5 6
Topic: Science/tech 4 3 3
Topic: Entertainment 10 12 10
Continuous decline (Fall) None

Comparison of significant values in different regressions

Content characteristics themes Content characteristics variables Binary logistic regression: Odds of being a dud Linear regression
Journalistic style Emotional style (ref: not emotional) − n.a.
Impersonal style (ref: personal) n.a. n.a.
Negative tonality (ref: not applicable) n.a. n.a.
Positive tonality (ref: not applicable) + n.a.
Interpretative style (ref: descriptive style) n.a. +
No detectable positioning (ref: neutral) n.a. −
Critical positioning (ref: neutral) n.a. n.a.
Advertorial positioning (ref: neutral) n.a. −
Multimodality Photography attached (ref: no photo) − n.a.
Audio/visual elements (ref: no audio/visuals) − n.a.
News topic (ref: “other” incl. weather) Politics n.a. n.a.
Economy n.a. n.a.
Social issues − n.a.
Sports n.a. n.a.
Accidents n.a. n.a.
Culture − +
Entertainment n.a. n.a.
Science/tech. n.a. +
Media n.a. n.a.
Environment n.a. n.a.
Crime n.a. n.a.
Lifestyle/health + n.a.
War/conflict n.a. n.a.
Geographical scope (ref: local) Unable to identify geographical scope + n.a.
Regional n.a. n.a.
National n.a. n.a.
International n.a. n.a.
Temporality (ref: current) Unable to identify temporality n.a. n.a.
Past n.a. n.a.
Future n.a. n.a.
Framing Individual (ref: not applicable) − n.a.
Social (ref: not applicable) − n.a.
Thematic (ref: episodic) n.a. +
Citizen contribution (ref: no contribution) − n.a. +
Gender of author (ref: woman) Unable to identify author gender n.a. −
Man − −
Man and woman − n.a.
Civic engagement-index − − n.a.
Original news story (ref: not original news) − − n.a.
eISSN:
2001-5119
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
2 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Social Sciences, Communication Science, Mass Communication, Public and Political Communication
Kanał RSS czasopisma