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In vitro evaluation of stainless steel orthodontic wires coated with TiO2 and TiO2:Ag for their anti-adhesive and antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans in a sucrose-enriched environment

Justyna Joanna Bącela
Justyna Joanna Bącela
, 
Beata Borak
Beata Borak
, 
Beata Sobieszczańska
Beata Sobieszczańska
, 
Urszula Walczuk
Urszula Walczuk
, 
Jerzy Detyna
Jerzy Detyna
 oraz 
Michał Sarul
Michał Sarul
   | 21 mar 2024
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Data publikacji: 21 mar 2024
Zakres stron: 78 - 94
Otrzymano: 06 wrz 2023
Przyjęty: 28 lut 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0047
© 2023 Justyna Joanna Bącela et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

pH value of salvia environment without [33] and with sucrose (+) for three types of samples: (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires. The measurements were taken at three different time intervals: 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h
pH value of salvia environment without [33] and with sucrose (+) for three types of samples: (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires. The measurements were taken at three different time intervals: 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h

Fig. 2S.

Box-plots for comparison regarding adhesion to the surface of three types of orthodontic archwires: (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating, and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires under differential coating conditions for experiments without [33] and with sucrose (+)
Box-plots for comparison regarding adhesion to the surface of three types of orthodontic archwires: (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating, and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires under differential coating conditions for experiments without [33] and with sucrose (+)

Fig. 3S.

Representative images of coating surfaces with streptococcal biofilms produced in the presence (+) of sucrose. (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires. Fluorescence microscope, magnification 400x
Representative images of coating surfaces with streptococcal biofilms produced in the presence (+) of sucrose. (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires. Fluorescence microscope, magnification 400x

Fig. 4S.

Box-plots for comparison the population of bacteria present on specimens subjected to a functional coating (A+), a basic coating (B+), and control specimens (an uncoated orthodontic wire - C+) after 24, 28, and 96 h
Box-plots for comparison the population of bacteria present on specimens subjected to a functional coating (A+), a basic coating (B+), and control specimens (an uncoated orthodontic wire - C+) after 24, 28, and 96 h

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures

Without sucrose, t = 4 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A {1} 0.0590 0.0041*
B {2} 0.0590 0.0866
C {3} 0.0041 0.0866
With sucrose, t = 4 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A+ {1} 0.1012 0.0472
B+ {2} 0.1012 0.3420
C+ {3} 0.0472 0.3420

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures, experiments without sucrose

t = 48 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A {1} 0.0895 0.0048*
B {2} 0.0895 0.0529
C {3} 0.0048 0.0529
t= 96 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A {1} 0.1159 0.0488
B {2} 0.1159 0.0058
C {3} 0.0488 0.0058

Various categories of orthodontic wires that have undergone surface modifications are utilized in microbiological examinations

Group A The experimental group included stainless steel orthodontic archwires coated with a functional thin film of TiO2:Ag.
Group B The experimental group consisted of stainless steel orthodontic archwires with a base coating of a thin TiO2 film.
Group C The control group comprised stainless steel orthodontic archwires without any coating.

Fundamental descriptive statistics for the examined quantitative variables (experiment with sucrose)

N M Me SD Sk. Kurt Min. Maks. W p
pH
t = 24 h
A+ 10 4.31 4.27 0.30 −0.38 0.78 3.72 4.75 0.95 0.652
B+ 9 4.32 4.31 0.27 −0.72 1.40 3.77 4.71 0.92 0.429
C+ 9 3.90 3.75 0.24 0.83 −1.72 3.72 4.22 0.68 0.001
t = 48 h
A+ 9 4.10 4.03 0.16 2.34 5.88 3.98 4.50 0.68 0.001
B+ 10 3.92 3.93 0.10 −1.36 2.57 3.69 4.03 0.89 0.156
C+ 9 3.88 3.96 0.18 −0.60 −1.67 3.64 4.08 0.81 0.029
t = 96 h
A+ 10 4.22 4.27 0.22 −0.55 −0.37 3.82 4.55 0.94 0.568
B+ 9 3.80 3.78 0.12 1.41 1.88 3.69 4.06 0.86 0.092
C+ 8 3.82 3.87 0.15 −0.26 −1.92 3.64 4.00 0.86 0.111
Cultures [CFU/ml]
t = 24 h
A+ 5 3.16 × 106 1.70 × 106 3.83 × 106 2.20 4.87 1.1 × 106 10 × 106 0.63 0.001
B+ 5 5.33 × 106 2.30 × 106 5.05 × 106 1.12 −0.38 1.6 × 106 13 × 106 0.81 0.105
C+ 4 1.40 × 107 1.45 × 107 5.14 × 106 −0.54 1.55 7.3 × 106 19.8 × 106 0.96 0.774
t = 48 h
A+ 4 3.47 × 107 2.41 × 107 3.85 × 107 0.97 −0.66 4.50 × 106 8.60 × 107 0.87 0.291
B+ 5 1.27 × 108 1.49 × 108 6.30 × 107 −1.01 1.39 2.81 × 107 1.96 × 108 0.93 0.597
C+ 4 2.19 × 108 2.15 × 108 4.91 × 107 0.48 1.52 1.63 × 108 2.83 × 108 0.96 0.786
t = 96 h
A+ 4 2.53 × 106 2.50 × 106 1.77 × 106 0.01 −5.96 1.00 × 106 4.15 × 106 0.75 0.038
B+ 4 6.00 × 106 5.50 × 106 2.45 × 106 0.54 −2.94 4.00 × 106 9 × 106 0.86 0.262
C+ 4 4.89 × 106 5.28 × 106 1.43 × 106 −0.91 −1.00 3.00 × 106 6 × 106 0.86 0.268
Adhesion [CFU/ml]
t = 4 h
A+ 4 7.25 × 104 6.50 × 104 4.65 × 104 0.56 −2.48 3.00 × 104 1.30 × 105 0.92 0.519
B+ 4 2.50 × 105 2.35 × 105 1.68 × 105 0.25 −4.06 9.00 × 104 4.40 × 105 0.90 0.437
C+ 4 3.48 × 105 2.75 × 105 1.63 × 105 1.94 3.77 2.50 × 105 5.90 × 105 0.72 0.019

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures, experiments with sucrose

t = 24 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A+ {1} 0,4960 0.0121*
B+ {2} 0.4960 0,0166
C+ {3} 0.0121 0.0166
t = 48 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A+ {1} 0.0282 0.0013
B+ {2} 0.0282 0,0282
C+ {3} 0.0013 0.0282
t = 96 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A+ {1} 0.0749 0.1198
B+ {2} 0.0749 0.4368
C+ {3} 0.1198 0.4368

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for the dependent variable of pH levels; experiment with sucrose

t = 24h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A+ {1} 0.9353 0.0035*
B+ {2} 0.9353 0.0075
C+ {3} 0.0035 0.0075
t = 48 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A+ {1} 0.0176 0.0117
B+ {2} 0.0176 0.5602
C+ {3} 0.0117 0.5602
t = 96 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A+ {1} 0.0002 0.0002
B+ {2} 0.0002 0.7863
C+ {3} 0.0002 0.7863

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for the dependent variable of pH levels; experiment without sucrose

t = 24 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A {1} 0.0678 0.0007*
B {2} 0.0678 0.0236
C {3} 0.0007 0.0236
t= 48 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A {1} 0.0067 0.0035
B {2} 0.0067 0.8958
C {3} 0.0035 0.8958
t= 96 h
Group {1} {2} {3}
A {1} 0.0058 0.0084
B {2} 0.0058 0.5474
C {3} 0.0084 0.5474
eISSN:
2083-134X
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Materials Sciences, other, Nanomaterials, Functional and Smart Materials, Materials Characterization and Properties
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