Determination of the possibility of using phosphorus slag in the road industry
, , , oraz | 31 gru 2023
O artykule
Data publikacji: 31 gru 2023
Zakres stron: 44 - 61
Otrzymano: 30 maj 2023
Przyjęty: 10 lis 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0030
Słowa kluczowe
© 2023 Shilin Yang et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
![Chemical composition of slag [Guizhou Kailin Co. Ltd., Guiyang, China]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/658adac679f7550bc9ea18c5/j_msp-2023-0030_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240625T061013Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=18000&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKP25APDM2%2F20240625%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=d5e83bdcb416bb3dcf90ade64556d88a8a87c060a63b3155d96b761ba13c0916)
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Mainoxide composition
| Components | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaF2 | P2O5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composition, % | 44–47 | 40–44 | 3–4 | up to 1.0 | up to 3.0 | up to 2.5 | 0.5–2.0 |
Results of direct freezing and thawing of slag rubble stone
| Average grain density, g/cm3 | Mass loss, % after test | Frost resistance grade | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of cycles | |||||
| 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | ||
| 2.9 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 3.0 | F200 |
| 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 3.9 | F200 |
| 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.4 | F200 |
| 2.4 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 6.0 | – | F100 |
| 2.2 | 5.3 | 7.0 | – | – | F25 |
| 2.0 | 6.8 | 7.0 | – | – | F25 |
Classification of rubble stone by physical and mechanical properties
| Type of slag concrete by structure | Mass loss with drum wear, % by mass | Mass loss during a cylinder divisibility test, % by mass | Grade of rubble stone by strength |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dense | >20 | 8–12 | 1200 |
| Fine-pored | 20–25 | 12–15 | 1000 |
| Medium-pored | 25–5 | 15–20 | 800 |
| Pumiceous | 35–45 | 20–35 | 600 |
Bitumen adhesion to a mineral material coating
| Bitumen grade | Mixing time, sec | Initial coating, % | Adhesion value, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| BND 60/90 | 25 | 79.2 | 59.3 |
| 35 | 83.7 | 70.1 | |
| 45 | 88.4 | 79.8 | |
| 55 | 91.5 | 84.6 | |
| BND 90/130 | 25 | 84.3 | 68.2 |
| 35 | 87.8 | 76.8 | |
| 45 | 93.0 | 82.6 | |
| 55 | 96.1 | 87.3 |
Comparison of the characteristics of granulated phosphorus slag and the requirements
| Indices | Granulated phosphorus slag | DSTU B V.2.7–149 |
|---|---|---|
| Large natural sand size module | 2.60–3,.7 | >2.5 |
| Total residue on sieve 0.63% by mass | 60–70 | >50 |
| Grains larger than 10 mm | – | ≤0,5 |
| Grains of 5–10 mm, % by mass | 1.0 | ≤5 |
| Number of dust and clay particles, % by mass | 1.0–2.0 | ≤3 |
| Clay, % by weight | – | =0.5 |
Chemical structure of cast slag
| Components | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | FeO+ MnO | CaO | MgO | SO3 | N2O+ K2O+ TiO2 | CaF2 | P2O5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composition, % | 38–43 | 1.8–4.1 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.2–0.4 | 43–48 | 2.0–5.5 | 0.1–0.6 | 0.7–1.1 | 3.4–3.9 | 1.2–2.2 |
Physical and mechanical characteristics of rubble stone after experiments
| Physical and mechanical characteristics | Numerical values of sample characteristics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2022 | |||||
| Experimental | By nomogram | % divergence | Experimental | By nomogram | % divergence | |
| Bulk density, g/cm3 | 1.26 | 1.29 | ||||
| Average density of grains, g/cm3 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 0 | 2.44 | 2.43 | 0.4 |
| Open porosity, % | 6.0 | 6.5 | 9.1 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 3.5 |
| Closed porosity, % | 12.8 | 11.8 | 7.8 | 11.5 | 10.5 | 8.7 |
| Divisibility in cylinder, % mass loss | 12.6 | 12.4 | 1.6 | 11.6 | 10.6 | 0.6 |
| Drum wear, % mass loss | 26.2 | 2.60 | 0.8 | 24.7 | 25.2 | 2.1 |
Asphalt concrete characteristics
| Asphalt concrete characteristics | Absolute range | Average value | Root-average-square deviation | Coefficient of variation, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| X | S | V | ||
| R20, mPa | 4.00–6.50 | 4.965 | 0.668 | 13.46 |
| R20 water, mPa | 3,53–5.28 | 4.427 | 0.548 | 12.38 |
| R50, mPa | 1.42–2.98 | 2.079 | 0.426 | 20.49 |
| R0, mPa | 7.87–9.95 | 9.058 | 0.720 | 7.94 |
| KB | 0.66–1.04 | 0.91 | 0.07 | 8.36 |
| Water saturation, % | 0.67–7.00 | 2.79 | 1.66 | 59.49 |
Results of determination of road structural elasticity modules in test and control areas
| Area | Km+ | L, mm | Q, kg | RO, mPa | D, cm | λ | E, mPa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | 499+800 | 0.24 | 0.00062 | 800 | |||
| 499+900 | 0.38 | 0.00099 | 500 | ||||
| 500+100 | 0.34 | 0.00088 | 563 | ||||
| 500+300 | 0.35 | 0.00091 | 544 | ||||
| 500+500 | 0.41 | 0.00107 | 463 | ||||
| 500+700 | 0.35 | 5850 | 0.45 | 38.6 | 0.00091 | 544 | |
| 500+900 | 0.25 | 0.00065 | 760 | ||||
| 501+100 | 0.37 | 0.00096 | 516 | ||||
| 501+300 | 0.37 | 0.00096 | 516 | ||||
| 501+500 | 0.39 | 0.00101 | 490 | ||||
| Control | 501+700 | 0.63 | 0.00163 | 304 | |||
| 501+803 | 0.38 | 0.00099 | 500 | ||||
| 501+900 | 0.34 | 5850 | 0.45 | 38.6 | 0.00088 | 563 | |
| 502+003 | 0.23 | 0.00059 | 840 |
Recommended bitumen consumption for asphalt concrete mixtures
| Limit values, bulk density, g/cm3 | Recommended bitumen consumption of mineral part mass, % |
|---|---|
| 0.8–1.5 | from 7.0 to 7.5 |
| 1.15–1,25 | 6.0–7.0 |
| 1.25–1.35 | 5.0–6.0 |
| 1.35–1.48 | 5.0 |
Comparison of slag mineral powder properties with current requirements
| Indicators | Properties of inactivated slag powder | DSTU B V.2.7–121 |
|---|---|---|
| Grain composition, % by mass | ||
| <1.25 | 100 | 100 |
| <0315 MM≥ | 99.7 | 90 |
| <0.071 MM≥ | 85.1 | 70 |
| Porosity, % by volume ≤ | 34.7 | 35 |
| Swelling of a mineral powder mixture with bitumen, % by volume ≤ | 1.0 | 2.5 |
| Bitumen capacity ≤ | 59.6 | 65 |
| Humidity, % by weight ≤ | 0.3 | 1.0 |