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Analysis of cropping intensity and irrigation intensity in North Twenty Four Parganas district, West Bengal, India

Tarun Kumar Mondal
Tarun Kumar Mondal
 oraz 
Santana Sarkar
Santana Sarkar
   | 18 wrz 2021
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Miscellanea Geographica
Tom 25 (2021): Zeszyt 4 (October 2021)
Thematic Issue: “Innovation in geospatial and 3D data” focuses on the newest achievements in the field of Geodata, which are used in Geosciences and for various applications such as urban planning, territorial management, damage assessment, environmental monitoring, 3D city modelling, renewable energy assessment, land registry, heritage documentation.
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Data publikacji: 18 wrz 2021
Zakres stron: 246 - 258
Otrzymano: 08 gru 2020
Przyjęty: 11 maj 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0063
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© 2021 Tarun Kumar Mondal et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location map of the study areaSource: Government of India 2011
Location map of the study areaSource: Government of India 2011

Figure 2

Cropping intensity zones in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)Source: authors’ maps based on data obtained from the Office of the Deputy Directorate of Agriculture (Admn.), GoWB, Barasat, North Twenty Four Parganas District, West Bengal, India
Cropping intensity zones in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)Source: authors’ maps based on data obtained from the Office of the Deputy Directorate of Agriculture (Admn.), GoWB, Barasat, North Twenty Four Parganas District, West Bengal, India

Figure 3

Irrigation intensity zones in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)Source: authors’ maps based on data obtained from the Office of the Deputy Directorate of Agriculture (Admn.), GoWB, Barasat, North Twenty Four Parganas District, West Bengal, India
Irrigation intensity zones in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)Source: authors’ maps based on data obtained from the Office of the Deputy Directorate of Agriculture (Admn.), GoWB, Barasat, North Twenty Four Parganas District, West Bengal, India

Figure 4

Relationship between irrigation intensity and cropping intensity in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)Source: authors’ maps based on data obtained from the Office of the Deputy Directorate of Agriculture (Admn.), GoWB, Barasat, North Twenty Four Parganas District, West Bengal, India
Relationship between irrigation intensity and cropping intensity in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)Source: authors’ maps based on data obtained from the Office of the Deputy Directorate of Agriculture (Admn.), GoWB, Barasat, North Twenty Four Parganas District, West Bengal, India

ANOVA (1996/97)

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Cropping Intensity (1996/97) Between Groups 25691.975 2 12845.987 15.772 .000
Within Groups 14660.781 18 814.488
Total 40352.756 20
Irrigation Intensity (1996/97) Between Groups 4952.253 2 2476.127 54.635 .000
Within Groups 815.789 18 45.322
Total 5768.042 20

Cropping intensity (X), irrigation intensity (Y), residuals (X and Y), area under HYVs of cereals to total cereals area and use of chemical fertilizers, i.e. NPK, in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)

Sl. Nos. Agricultural Blocks Cropping Intensity (%) X* Irrigation Intensity (%) Y* Residuals (X and Y)* Area under HYVs of Cereals to Total Cereals Area (%)# Use of Chemical Fertilizers i.e. NPK (kg/hectare)#
1996/97 2015/16 1996/97 2015/16 1996/97 2015/16 1996/97 2015/16 1996/97 2015/16
1 Amdanga 220.06 271.26 68.21 65.26 −2.3 20.71 86.37 98.43 124.63 223.87
2 Barasat-I 178.32 270.28 49.91 55.99 −9.89 51.53 90.51 98.96 140.37 246.5
3 Barasat-II 191.19 260.89 57.3 56.17 −10.81 41.52 82.44 98.19 119.82 240.68
4 Barrackpur 193.49 258.57 62.27 55.01 −17.77 43.17 86.99 95.06 147.81 292.58
5 Deganga 219.98 246.61 79.55 71.91 −23.54 −26.77 91.11 99.55 143.69 244.91
6 Habra-I 234.75 208.14 71.31 58.72 6.62 −19.98 95.19 100.00 171.88 308.82
7 Habra-II 240.85 263.86 88.77 60.65 −19.85 29.13 95.02 99.60 132.71 267.94
8 Rajarhat 210.16 260.22 36.25 71.64 47.43 −12.24 86.41 98.44 145.11 360.45
9 Baduria 264.87 266.3 78.68 59.01 23 37.18 95.39 99.14 155.04 233.36
10 Basirhat-I 214.32 219.62 55.49 55.45 15.71 2.7 93.41 99.36 129.26 221.28
11 Basirhat-II 205.08 233.37 54.96 56.62 7.46 12.45 90.79 98.00 143.13 241.46
12 Haroa 161.81 212.64 52.87 51.02 −31.92 10.95 71.68 91.84 100.92 209.61
13 Hasnabad 154.87 186.05 44.35 48.83 −22.98 −8.12 78.34 99.88 64.74 203.19
14 Hingalganj 110.37 116.24 31.14 35.81 −42.82 −33.26 64.37 90.67 42.88 150.39
15 Minakhan 136.91 133.03 42.7 40.7 −37.85 −33.25 77.35 92.85 87.58 165.34
16 Sandeshkhali-I 177.75 167.77 46.04 51.7 −3.25 −36.26 67.53 95.32 83.93 171.73
17 Sandeshkhali-II 146.34 111.8 32 35.17 −8.47 −35.51 42.68 76.57 59.67 153.37
18 Swarupnagar 246.18 261.99 81.15 56.73 −0.3 40.69 84.89 100.00 120.13 217.01
19 Bagdah 230.51 242.92 80.05 77.54 −13.93 −49.79 93.8 99.48 106.26 214.49
20 Bongaon 262.37 268.07 49.97 72.02 74.05 −5.71 95.05 98.24 117.93 231.09
21 Gaighata 277.41 270.06 59.45 79.44 71.4 −29.15 93.72 100.00 127.42 240.94
District Total 209.29 228.06 61.55 61.95 - - 85.81 96.93 120.39 230.11

Agro-ecological regions, density of rural population, net cropped area, gross cropped area and gross irrigated area in North Twenty Four Parganas district

Sl. Nos. Agricultural Blocks Agro-Ecological Regions (area in km2) Density of Rural Population* (persons/km2 Net Cropped Area (hectares)# Gross Cropped Area (hectares)# Gross Irrigated Area (hectares)#
1991 2001 2011 1996/97 2015/16 1996/97 2015/16 1996/97 2015/16
1 Amdanga Gangetic Plains (1410.35) 1001 1190 1364 8995 8995 19794 24400 13502 15923
2 Barasat-I 1593 2146 2146 6320 6320 11270 17082 5625 9564
3 Barasat-II 1295 1483 1710 9730 9730 18603 25385 10660 14259
4 Barrackpur 1562 1763 1715 7570 7570 14647 19574 9120 10768
5 Deganga 1143 1362 1553 12000 12569 26397 30996 21000 22289
6 Habra-I 1027 1472 1646 8808 8808 20677 18333 14745 10765
7 Habra-II 837 1226 1344 8000 8000 19268 21109 17104 12802
8 Rajarhat 1749 1945 1835 3958 1370 8318 3565 3015 2554
9 Baduria 1008 1378 1567 12390 13490 32818 35924.5 25820 21200
10 Basirhat-I 1090 1321 1436 7400 9133 15860 20058 8800 11123
11 Basirhat-II 1224 1507 1715 8595 8174 17627 19076 9687 10801
12 Haroa Coastal Saline Region (1028.62) 989 1195 1403 9100 8953 14725 19038 7785 9713
13 Hasnabad 972 1160 1306 11020 8600 17067 16000 7570 7812
14 Hingalganj 618 655 694 14200 14200 15673 16506 4880 5910
15 Minakhan 874 1064 1267 11400 7194 15608 9570.5 6665 3895
16 Sandeshkhali-I 665 771 902 8064 7559 14334 12681.5 6600 6556
17 Sandeshkhali-II 603 691 816 7730 9830 11312 10990 3620 3865
18 Swarupnagar Ichhamati Basin (1082.91) 917 1054 1179 13120 13083 32299 34276 26210 19445
19 Bagdah 819 941 1041 14800 17754 34115 43128.3 27310 33443
20 Bongaon 874 1022 1131 22940 22940 60187 61494.5 30074 44291
21 Gaighata 1021 1187 1173 15910 15910 44136 42966.2 26240 34131
District Total 980 1171 1277 222050 220182 464735 502154 286032 311109

Post-hoc Tests (1996/97)

Tukey HSD (Multiple Comparisons)
Dependent Variable (I) Ward Method (J) Ward Method Mean Difference (I–J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Cropping Intensity (1996/97) 1 2 77.17661* 14.77046 .000 39.4800 114.8732
3 12.76619 15.87776 .705 −27.7565 53.2888
2 1 −77.17661* 14.77046 .000 −114.8732 −39.4800
3 −64.41042* 15.41295 .002 −103.7468 −25.0741
3 1 −12.76619 15.87776 .705 −53.2888 27.7565
2 64.41042* 15.41295 .002 25.0741 103.7468
Irrigation Intensity (1996/97) 1 2 36.33821* 3.48421 .000 27.4459 45.2305
3 21.67238* 3.74541 .000 12.1135 31.2313
2 1 −36.33821* 3.48421 .000 −45.2305 −27.4459
3 −14.66583* 3.63577 .002 −23.9449 −5.3868
3 1 −21.67238* 3.74541 .000 −31.2313 −12.1135
2 14.66583* 3.63577 .002 5.3868 23.9449

Robust Tests of Equality of Means (2015/16)

Statistica df1 df2 Sig.
Cropping Intensity (2015/16) Welch 186.750 2 4.780 .000
Brown-Forsythe 94.294 2 7.745 .000
Irrigation Intensity (2015/16) Welch 43.072 2 8.316 .000
Brown-Forsythe 38.153 2 17.286 .000

Partial correlation between cropping intensity and selected independent variables

Dependent Variable Independent Variables* Correlation Significance (2-tailed) Degrees of Freedom
Cropping Intensity (%) Irrigation Intensity (%) 0.363 0.138 16
Area under HYVs of Cereals to Total Cereals Area (%) 0.210 0.402 16
Use of Chemical Fertilizers, i.e. NPK (kg/hectare) 0.500 0.035** 16

Cluster criteria and association of Agricultural Blocks in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 and 2015/16)

Clusters Cluster Criteria 1996/97 2015/16
Agricultural Blocks Agricultural Blocks
1 Moderate to high cropping intensity and irrigation intensity Amdanga, Deganga, Habra-I, Habra-II, Baduria, Swarupnagar and Bagdah Amdanga, Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Barrackpur, Deganga, Habra-II, Rajarhat, Baduria, Swarupnagar, Bagdah, Bongaon and Gaighata
2 Moderate cropping intensity and irrigation intensity Barasat-I, Rajarhat, Haora, Hasnabad, Hingalganj, Minakhan, Sandeshkhali-I and Sandeshkhali-II Habra-I, Basirhat-I, Basirhat-II, Haroa, Hasnabad and Sandeshkhali-I
3 Low cropping intensity and moderate irrigation intensity Barasat-II, Barrackpur, Basirhat-I, Basirhat-II, Bongaon and Gaighata Hingalganj, Minakhan and Sandeshkhali-II

Post-hoc Tests (2015/16)

Games-Howell (Multiple Comparisons)
Dependent Variable (I) Ward Method (J) Ward Method Mean Difference (I–J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Cropping Intensity (2015/16) 1 2 57.15417* 10.05702 .004 25.8715 88.4369
3 141.39583* 6.96935 .001 109.9476 172.8441
2 1 −57.15417* 10.05702 .004 −88.4369 −25.8715
3 84.24167* 11.66894 .000 49.8575 118.6259
3 1 −141.39583* 6.96935 .001 −172.8441 −109.9476
2 −84.24167* 11.66894 .000 −118.6259 −49.8575
Irrigation Intensity (2015/16) 1 2 11.39083* 3.02058 .005 3.5875 19.1941
3 27.88750* 3.12802 .000 19.4289 36.3461
2 1 −11.39083* 3.02058 .005 −19.1941 −3.5875
3 16.49667* 2.33231 .002 8.9642 24.0291
3 1 −27.88750* 3.12802 .000 −36.3461 −19.4289
2 −16.49667* 2.33231 .002 −24.0291 −8.9642

Net cropped area, gross cropped area, gross irrigated area, cropping intensity, irrigation intensity, area under HYVs of cereals to total cereals area and use of chemical fertilizers, i.e. NPK, in North Twenty Four Parganas district (1996/97 to 2015/16)

Years Net Cropped Area (hectares)# Gross Cropped Area (hectares)# Cropping Intensity (%)* Gross Irrigated Area (hectares)# Irrigation Intensity (%)* Area under HYVs of Cereals to Total Cereals Area (%)# Use of Chemical Fertilizers, i.e. NPK (kg/hectare)#
1996/97 222 050 464 735 209.29 286 032 61.55 85.81 120
1997/98 222 050 467 193 210.40 286 032 61.22 85.79 125
1998/99 222 050 468 525 211.00 286 032 61.05 84.23 144
1999/00 222 050 471 412 212.30 265 894 56.4 52.94 167
2000/01 222 050 466 615 210.14 194 587 41.7 89.92 139
2001/02 222 050 472 966 213.00 195 689 41.37 90.67 151
2002/03 222 050 455 424 205.10 189 720 41.66 90.6 165
2003/04 222 050 464 084 209.00 198 745 42.83 92.18 161
2004/05 222 050 447 852 201.69 200 475 44.76 92.49 173
2005/06 222 050 500 434 225.37 245 178 48.99 94.4 179
2006/07 222 050 472 966 213.00 189 689 40.11 92.61 171
2007/08 225 000 483 750 215.00 193 987 40.1 95.79 165
2008/09 225 000 503 437 223.75 195 940 38.92 97.09 168
2009/10 225 000 462 712 205.65 195 940 42.35 95.53 185
2010/11 225 000 478 597 212.71 195 940 40.94 92.47 188
2011/12 225 000 479 250 213.00 197 058 41.12 95.37 189
2012/13 225 000 482 400 214.40 198 994 41.25 95.72 197
2013/14 220 182 481097 218.50 256 478 53.31 96.09 217
2014/15 220 182 493 207 224.00 287 459 58.28 95.97 224
2015/16 220 182 502 154 228.06 311 109 61.95 96.93 230
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