Thermal stress in the northern Carpathians and air circulation
, , , , , oraz | 31 lip 2020
Miscellanea Geographica
Thematic Issue: UTCI application in different spatial and temporal scales. Editors: Krzysztof Błażejczyk, Bożena Kicińska.
O artykule
Data publikacji: 31 lip 2020
Zakres stron: 147 - 160
Otrzymano: 30 mar 2020
Przyjęty: 29 cze 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0022
Słowa kluczowe
© 2020 Błażejczyk Krzysztof, Nejedlik Pavol, Skrynyk Oleh, Halaś Agnieszka, Skrynyk Olesya, Baranowski Jarosław, Mikulova Katarina, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
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Minimum (min), mean and maximum (max) annual UTCI values as well as yearly frequency of selected UTCI categories, 1986-2015
| Station | UTCI values (°C) | Frequency of UTCI categories (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| min | mean | max | CS | TN | HS | |
| Northward | ||||||
| Coline | ||||||
| Dukla | -54.9 | 5.3 | 38.7 | 14.7 | 35.3 | 1.9 |
| Lesko | -45.2 | 6.9 | 38.7 | 10.3 | 38.3 | 1.8 |
| Ivano Frankivsk | -42.7 | 7.8 | 41.8 | 11.3 | 38.8 | 3.1 |
| Kolomyia | -48.2 | 9.1 | 40.8 | 7.9 | 38.8 | 3.9 |
| Montane | ||||||
| Istebna | -36.3 | 10.2 | 38.0 | 3.5 | 41.6 | 1.5 |
| Zawoja | -35.3 | 8.5 | 40.1 | 6.6 | 42.1 | 1.5 |
| Zakopane | -28.2 | 8.4 | 37.2 | 3.6 | 43.9 | 0.6 |
| Krynica | -49.9 | 10.3 | 36.9 | 5.0 | 41.5 | 1.9 |
| Rabka | -31.2 | 13.5 | 40.5 | 1.4 | 44.2 | 4.6 |
| Alpine | ||||||
| Gąsienicowa Hala | -52.1 | 0.3 | 30.1 | 17.5 | 28.0 | . |
| Pozhyzhevska | -66.0 | -2.7 | 33.7 | 24.1 | 31.8 | . |
| Southward | ||||||
| Coline | ||||||
| Tisinec | -47.2 | 10.4 | 42.2 | 7.5 | 37.2 | 5.4 |
| Kamenica | -47.4 | 11.3 | 41.3 | 5.0 | 39.5 | 5.1 |
| Rakhiv | -36.4 | 12.5 | 41.6 | 2.2 | 43.6 | |
| Montane | ||||||
| Štrbské Pleso | -38.2 | 6.6 | 34.1 | 5.8 | 41.7 | 0.2 |
| Poprad | -48.1 | 5.7 | 36.6 | 11.3 | 38.0 | 0.7 |
| Alpine | ||||||
| Skalnaté Pleso | -60.3 | -1.3 | 28.2 | 20.7 | 23.6 | . |
| Peaks (Alpine) | ||||||
| Chopok | -71.0 | -14.8 | 26.8 | 51.8 | 11.6 | . |
| Lomnicky Štit | -73.5 | -15.7 | 24.2 | 52.2 | 6.4 | . |
| Kasprowy Wierch | -60.8 | -12.1 | 26.8 | 45.7 | 11.4 | . |
Geographical information of studied meteorological stations
| Name of station (and abbreviation) | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation above sea level (m) | Physiographical type | Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istebna-Kubalonka (IK) | 49°36’N | 18°54’E | 760 | Montane | Northward |
| Zawoja (ZAW) | 49°37’N | 19°31’E | 720 | Montane | Northward |
| Zakopane (ZAK) | 49°17’N | 19°57’E | 857 | Montane | Northward |
| Hala Gąsienicowa (HG) | 49°14’N | 19°59’E | 1520 | Alpine | Northward |
| Kasprowy Wierch (KW) | 49°13’N | 19°59’E | 1990 | Alpine | Peak |
| Krynica (KRY) | 49°25’N | 20°58’E | 595 | Montane | Northward |
| Rabka (RAB) | 49°37’N | 19°58’E | 510 | Montane | Northward |
| Dukla (DUK) | 49°34’N | 21°41’E | 360 | Coline | Northward |
| Lesko (LES) | 49°27’N | 22°20’E | 420 | Coline | Northward |
| Ivano-Frankivsk (IF) | 48°53’N | 24°41’’E | 275 | Coline | Northward |
| Kolomyia (KOL) | 48°32’’N | 25°03’’E | 298 | Coline | Northward |
| Pozhyzhevska (POZ) | 48˚09’’N | 24˚32’’E | 1451 | Alpine | Northward |
| Rakhiv (RAK) | 48º02’’N | 24º11’’E | 431 | Coline | Southward |
| Tisinec (TIS) | 49°13´N | 21°39´E | 216 | Coline | Southward |
| Lomnicky | 49°12´N | 20°13´E | 2635 | Alpine | Peak |
| Skalnaté Pleso (SKP) | 49°11´N | 20°14´E | 1778 | Alpine | Southward |
| 49°07´N | 20°04´E | 1322 | Montane | Southward | |
| Poprad (POP) | 49°04´N | 20°15´E | 694 | Montane | Southward |
| Chopok (CH) | 48°57´N | 19°36´E | 2005 | Alpine | Peak |
| Kamenica nad Cirochou (KC) | 48°56´N | 22°00´E | 176 | Coline | Southward |
Differences in seasonal frequency of cold stress (dCS), thermoneutral (dTN) and heat stress days (dHS) between Southward and Northward stations
| Air circulation type | dCS | dTN | dHS | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAM | JJA | SON | DJF | MAM | JJA | SON | DJF | MAM | JJA | SON | DJF | |
| Coline stations | ||||||||||||
| N+NEa | -5.9 | . | -5.6 | -17.9 | 9.8 | -5.6 | 6.5 | -0.2 | . | 3.9 | 0.5 | . |
| N+NEc | -7.9 | . | -9.8 | -25.1 | 10.2 | 5.4 | 13.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | -0.1 | . | . |
| E+Sea | -6.0 | . | -3.8 | -15.9 | 5.3 | -16.5 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 19.0 | 0.7 | . |
| E+Sec | -5.4 | . | -2.4 | -17.3 | 9.8 | -12.2 | 18.9 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 15.7 | 0.7 | . |
| S+Swa | -4.5 | . | -1.8 | -13.8 | -1.1 | -11.6 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 22.0 | 0.4 | . |
| S+SWc | -4.6 | . | -2.5 | -11.8 | 7.0 | -11.7 | 5.9 | -1.6 | 0.6 | 15.5 | 0.3 | . |
| W+NWa | -7.1 | . | -3.7 | -14.6 | 10.9 | -11.2 | 10.6 | -1.5 | . | 3.9 | 0.0 | . |
| W+NWc | -5.4 | . | -2.8 | -13.3 | 8.4 | -4.5 | 6.5 | -1.5 | . | 3.5 | 0.1 | . |
| Ca+Ka | -3.2 | . | -1.3 | -10.5 | 1.6 | -17.8 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 14.1 | 0.7 | . |
| Cc+Bc | -1.7 | . | -0.4 | -8.2 | 4.1 | -10.3 | 6.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 11.9 | 0.9 | . |
| X | -2.4 | . | -1.5 | -8.1 | 4.8 | -19.1 | 9.5 | 3.0 | 0.7 | 13.1 | . | . |
| Average | -4.9 | . | -3.2 | -14.2 | 6.5 | -10.5 | 8.3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 11.1 | 0.5 | . |
| Montane stations | ||||||||||||
| N+NEa | -5.1 | 0.4 | -1.5 | -11.2 | 12.0 | 4.3 | 9.4 | . | . | . | . | . |
| N+NEc | -2.6 | . | -2.7 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 5.4 | 1.7 | -1.2 | . | . | . | . |
| E+Sea | -2.3 | -0.3 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 8.7 | -9.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | . | 0.3 | . | . |
| E+Sec | -3.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.0 | -4.5 | -1.8 | -0.5 | . | -0.5 | . | . |
| S+Swa | -14.0 | . | -5.9 | -26.1 | 2.1 | -15.3 | 7.9 | 0.2 | . | 1.7 | . | . |
| S+SWc | -20.8 | -0.3 | -12.8 | -43.5 | 4.6 | -7.8 | 5.6 | 1.1 | . | 2.3 | . | . |
| W+NWa | -15.9 | -0.3 | -13.6 | -24.8 | 14.9 | 10.0 | 12.7 | 3.5 | . | 0.1 | . | . |
| W+NWc | -19.6 | -1.3 | -22.4 | -29.7 | 6.9 | 11.5 | 7.6 | 0.4 | . | 0.1 | . | . |
| Ca+Ka | -8.5 | -0.4 | -1.8 | -10.8 | 11.1 | -1.4 | 4.4 | 1.4 | . | 0.1 | . | . |
| Cc+Bc | -11.3 | 0.3 | -6.8 | -26.0 | 3.5 | -2.8 | 2.2 | -1.0 | . | 0.1 | . | . |
| X | -10.6 | -1.2 | -3.2 | -15.0 | 5.9 | -5.1 | -5.1 | -0.2 | . | . | . | . |
| Average | -10.3 | -0.2 | -6.2 | -16.7 | 6.6 | -1.4 | 4.1 | 0.4 | . | 0.5 | . | . |
Mean annual UTCI values at different air circulation types, 1986-2015
| Measure | N+NEa | E+SEa | S+SWa | W+NWa | Ca+Ka | N+NEc | E+SEc | S+SWc | W+NWc | Cc+Bc | x |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | 1.9±2.1 | 4.9±1.6 | 7.7±2.0 | 1.1±2.1 | 9.1±1.5 | -1.6±2.3 | 5.0±1.9 | 2.7±2.7 | -0.8±2.4 | 7.2±2.1 | 5.4±1.9 |
| Highest | 12.0 | 12.5 | 17.8 | 11.1 | 16.8 | 10.2 | 13.7 | 16.3 | 9.5 | 16.7 | 13.7 |
| station | RAB | RAB | RAB | RAB | RAB | RAK | KAM | RAB | RAB | RAK | RAB |
| Lowest | -20.9 | -12.3 | -14.6 | -21.1 | -8.5 | -25.9 | -14.0 | -25.3 | -23.9 | -12.9 | -12.6 |
| station | LS | LS | CH | LS | LS | CH | CH | CH | LS | CH | LS |
Differences in seasonal values of mean (dUTCImean). Maximum (dUTCImax) and minimum (dUTCImin) of the Universal Thermal Climate Index between Southward and Northward stations at particular air circulation types, 1986-2015
| Air circulation type | dUTCI mean | dUTCI max | dUTCI min | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MAM | JJA | SON | DJF | MAM | JJA | SON | DJF | MAM | JJA | SON | DJF | |
| Coline stations | ||||||||||||
| N+NEa | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 3.8 |
| N+NEc | 4.3 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 1.9 |
| E+Sea | 4.3 | 3.4 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 1.0 |
| E+Sec | 4.6 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 |
| S+Swa | 2.7 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 4.8 | 2.6 | 6.2 | 13.0 |
| S+SWc | 2.4 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 0.6 | 5.9 | 6.6 | 3.2 | 5.3 |
| W+NWa | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 4.1 | 10.9 |
| W+NWc | 3.6 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 3.4 | -1.5 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 8.2 | 4.5 |
| Ca+Ka | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 4.0 | 0.6 | -0.7 |
| Cc+Bc | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.2 | -2.0 | 9.2 |
| X | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 5.7 | 0.8 | 9.6 | 2.1 |
| Average | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.9 |
| Montane stations | ||||||||||||
| N+NEa | 2.9 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 3.6 |
| N+NEc | 1.5 | 0.1 | 2.8 | -0.1 | 4.0 | -1.1 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.6 | -7.6 | 0.7 | -0.7 |
| E+Sea | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.2 | -0.9 | 0.9 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 0.0 | 7.1 | -3.8 | -1.3 | 5.4 |
| E+Sec | -0.4 | -0.7 | -1.7 | -1.4 | -0.4 | -0.7 | -2.2 | -0.8 | 2.2 | 4.8 | -1.5 | 7.9 |
| S+Swa | 2.3 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 7.2 | -1.5 | 0.0 | -0.1 | 0.5 | 11.7 | 7.6 | 19.1 | 14.6 |
| S+SWc | 3.5 | 0.1 | 4.4 | 12.8 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 21.2 | 11.3 | 16.5 | 12.1 |
| W+NWa | 7.1 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 9.6 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 10.8 | 15.6 | 10.8 | 3.3 |
| W+NWc | 7.8 | 2.9 | 8.5 | 12.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 8.9 |
| Ca+Ka | 3.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 1.2 | -0.2 | -2.7 | 1.1 | 15.4 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 9.4 |
| Cc+Bc | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 1.9 | -0.6 | 1.3 | -3.1 | 20.5 | 5.2 | 13.1 | 8.6 |
| X | 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 4.4 | 1.2 | -1.0 | 0.6 | -0.3 | 14.5 | 12.7 | 16.3 | 3.1 |
| Average | 3.2 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 10.6 | 5.5 | 7.9 | 6.9 |
Air circulation types according to Niedźwiedź classification
| Anticyclonic situations: | Cyclonic situations: |
|---|---|
| N+NEa | N+NEc |
| E+SEa | E+SEc |
| S+SWa | S+SWc |
| W+NWa | W+NWc |
| Ca+Ka - centre of high and anticyclonic wedge or ridge of high pressure | Cc+Bc - centre of low and through of low pressure |
| x— unclassified situation |
Differences in annual frequency of cold stress (dCS), thermoneutral (dTN) and heat stress days (dHS) between Southward and Northward stations
| Air circulation type | dCS | dTN | dHS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coline | Montane | Coline | Montane | Coline | Montane | |
| N+NEa | -5.9 | -3.7 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 1.4 | . |
| N+NEc | -7.9 | -2.5 | 7.3 | 2.7 | 0.2 | . |
| E+SEa | -6.0 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 0.0 |
| E+SEc | -5.4 | 1.6 | 5.6 | -2.1 | 4.7 | -0.1 |
| S+SWa | -4.5 | -10.0 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 0.3 |
| S+SWc | -4.6 | -18.1 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 0.4 |
| W+NWa | -7.1 | -15.0 | 1.5 | 9.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
| W+NWc | -5.4 | -18.7 | 1.7 | 6.5 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
| Ca+Ka | -3.2 | -3.8 | -3.0 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 0.0 |
| Cc+Bc | -1.7 | -6.9 | -0.9 | 0.5 | 4.4 | 0.0 |
| X | -2.4 | -7.4 | -0.1 | -0.6 | 3.2 | . |
| average | -4.9 | -7.5 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 0.1 |