After calving, dairy cows occasionally produce blood-tinged milk that is light pinkish to dark reddish in colour; haemolactia is the term for the condition these animals are diagnosed with (3, 5, 7, 11). Haemolactia causes serious economic losses because the discarding of all milk containing blood and protracted veterinary care are necessary and the elimination of risk of the mixture of this milk with acceptable bulk milk must be guaranteed. The pathophysiology of haemolactia involves local or systemic hyperaemia and/or increased blood vessel permeability due to mastitis, trauma or unknown causes (5, 11, 15). However, little information is available on the pathogenesis underlying the mechanism of haemolactia.
According to previous reports (3, 5, 15), haemolactia in dairy cows occurred within one week of parturition, and no marked changes were noted in routine haematology, coagulation, serum chemistry or urinalysis. In humans, increased oxidative stress accompanied by reduced endogenous defences has been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of several diseases during the pre- and perinatal period (12). Based on this information, we focused on oxidative status during the peripartum period because transition cows are exposed to complicated stress leading to immune dysregulation and inflammation associated with infection and metabolic disorders (10, 17, 19, 23). As plasma or serum indices of oxidative stress, the enzymatic antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (8) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (4), the degradation product malondialdehyde (MDA) (9) from peroxidised lipids and the nonenzymatic antioxidant vitamins A (14), C (21), and E (16, 22) have all been measured. These have been established in dairy cows as biomarkers for evaluating oxidative stress during late pregnancy and early lactation (1, 2, 10, 18, 20).
The aim of the study was to delineate the oxidative status of dairy cows with haemolactia and to detect the sequential changes in oxidative status at the peripartum stage.
Group composition and blood sampling time
Experiment | Study group | Haemolactia grade | Prepartum week | Postpartum week | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | −4 | −2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | |||
Haemolactic | Severe | 11 | - | - | 〇a) | - | - | |
Exp. 1 | Non-haemolactic | - | 11 | - | - | 〇a) | - | - |
Haemolactic | Moderate | 6 | 〇 | 〇 | 〇b) | 〇 | 〇 | |
Exp. 2 | Non-haemolactic | - | 6 | 〇 | 〇 | 〇b) | 〇 | 〇 |
Moderate grade: pinkish milk with thin-layered erythrocyte sediment
Severe grade: dark reddish milk with thick-layered erythrocyte sediment
〇 – blood collection; - – no blood collection; a) – on the day when haemolactia was found; b) – on parturition day
In the second experiment (Exp. 2), to detect the sequential changes in oxidative status at the peripartum stage, 20 pregnant dairy cows were registered in prepartum week 5. The expected delivery date was determined from the date of artificial insemination. Their milk after calving was graded as non- (n = 9), slightly (n = 3), moderately (n = 6) or severely (n = 2) haemolactic. The six cows with moderate haemolactia were selected for this study because of the limited number of cows with severe haemolactia. Six of the nine cows in the non-haemolactic group were selected randomly as the corresponding control. There were no large differences in body weight (haemolactic: 700 ± 7.3 kg
Cows showing mastitis or trauma were excluded from the study based on the results of a modified California mastitis test (PLT; ZENOAQ, Fukushima, Japan) and macroscopic examination of milk, teats and udder. Cows diagnosed with hypocalcaemia, ketosis, fatty liver or abomasal displacement were also excluded.
In Exp. 1, in which the experimental cows were severely haemolactic, the time identified as the first incidence of haemolactia in the colostrum was 2.1 ± 0.5 days after parturition. The average plasma MDA value on the day of onset significantly increased in the haemolactic group (4.63 ± 0.28 μmol/L) compared to that in the non-haemolactic group (3.12 ± 0.23 μmol/L) without any changes in GPx, SOD or vitamin levels (A, C and E) in plasma or serum (Fig. 1).
In Exp. 2, in which the experimental cows were moderately haemolactic, low levels of serum vitamin E were observed continuously from prepartum week 4 to the parturition day in the haemolactic group (mean range: 150–200 μg/dL
The onset day of haemolactia after calving was highly consistent with the day stated in previous reports (5, 15). Differences in fluctuations of MDA and vitamin E levels were found between Exp. 1 and Exp. 2; however, these may relate to some extent to dietary provision. Vitamin E serum levels decreased only in the prepartum period of Exp. 2 but did not during the postpartum period of this experiment or Exp. 1. This may be partially explained by the reduced intake of dietary vitamin E in the prepartum period (3), followed by adaptive response of vitamin E (recovery from a deficient level to the control level with increased feed intake) to MDA overproduction immediately after calving in Exp. 1. However, further studies are required to determine this difference. The clinical importance of the sporadic changes in plasma GPx and SOD levels and serum vitamin A in Exp. 2 remains unknown.
The present data and data from previous reports (3, 9, 15, 16, 22) imply the same underlying pathophysiological process. Vitamin E is a requisite element of the nutritional regimens that meet the antioxidant requirements of dairy cows, especially in the peripartum period (3, 16, 22). Several reports suggest vitamin E at the recommended level enhances the host’s defence against metabolic diseases and confers protection against them to transition cows (1, 6, 16, 22). Considering that gestation or parturition is accompanied by the high energy demand of various bodily functions with an increased oxygen requirement (13), deteriorated levels (
Recently, it was reported that the calculation of the relative ratio of blood oxidants (MDA) to antioxidants can provide a more accurate representation of the redox status (balance) in the transition period of dairy cows (1, 2). Among the ratios calculated in this study, only the MDA/vitamin E ratio (×100) significantly increased from the prepartum period (Exp. 2 haemolactic group: mean range 3.21–3.88
In conclusion, it is suggested that continuously low levels of serum vitamin E in the prepartum period may play a pivotal role as a requisite factor in the onset of haemolactia, and that high MDA levels in plasma after calving may reflect at least in part the degraded physiological status of the mammary gland. Further studies are necessary to determine whether an appropriate vitamin E-supplemented diet during the prepartum period would prevent the onset of haemolactia after calving.