Geese are one of the best-known Polish poultry products on the world market, and Poland is the second-largest exporter of goose products in Europe after Hungary. Last year, nearly 8 million geese were raised in Poland, and around 6 million birds were slaughtered for meat.
Farms with populations of several thousand geese and dense concentrations of birds in a limited area pose a serious threat of epidemics, from which significant economic losses can ensue.
The most serious threat to goslings and adult geese are viral diseases, among which are Derzsy’s disease (DD) caused by goose parvovirus (GPV), haemorrhagic nephritis and enteritis syndrome of geese (HNEG), the aetiological factor of which is goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV), and goose circovirus infections (GoCV) (1, 2, 3, 4, 6). The correct diagnosis and differentiation of these three diseases on the basis of clinical symptoms and anatomopathological changes are difficult, and sometimes even impossible, and therefore they must be confirmed in the laboratory. Very often, laboratory diagnosis of these diseases is based on methods using goose embryos, which are available only during the laying period lasting from February to the end of June, and the costs of such tests are very high. Therefore, the aim of the study was to standardise the parameters of amplification in a triplex PCR, which will allow simultaneous detection of genetic material of GPV, GHPV, and GoCV in the shortest possible time and in one reaction.
GPV DNA, DNA of a GHPV strain, and GoCV DNA provided by Dr. Vilmos Palya (Ceva Phylaxia, Budapest, Hungary) were used. As a negative control in the PCR, use was made of cellular DNA isolated from uninfected goose embryo fibroblasts (GEF) cells.
In the first stage of the study, the optimal concentration of Mg2+ was determined. The following concentrations of Mg2+ were used: 1 mM, 3 mM, 5 mM, 7.5 mM, and 10 mM. At the concentrations of 10 mM, 7.5 mM, and 5 mM, no positive triplex PCR results were obtained. However, when reacting concentrations of 1 mM and 3 mM, a positive triplex PCR result was obtained, and at the 3 mM concentration no additional triplex PCR products, so-called dimers, were noted. A concentration of 3 mM Mg2+ was used for further investigations.
The appropriate primer attachment temperature was then determined. The following temperatures were used: 45°C, 50°C, 52°C, 55°C, 60°C, and 65°C. At 65°C, no triplex PCR product was obtained. In the temperature range of 45°C–55°C, apart from triplex PCR products, several unspecific dimer products were yielded. Specific and single triplex PCR products were produced at 60°C, which was chosen as the subsequent temperature parameter.
In the next stage of the study, the number of reaction cycles was optimised among the alternatives of 27, 30, 35, and 37. A positive reaction was only achieved in the case of 37 cycles. PCR products were also obtained in 35 cycles; however, they were not products of the expected size. The 37-cycle reaction was used for the further studies.
The optimal
In the final stages, the sensitivity and specificity of the developed triplex PCR reaction were determined. The sensitivity of the reaction was determined at 5.5 ng/μl DNA.
Triplex PCR products of the expected size were obtained when GPV, GHPV, and GoCV DNA were the subjects, although no reaction products were observed in the samples of MDPV DNA or DVE DNA.
In conclusion, based on the results, optimisation of the triplex PCR parameters for simultaneous detection of DNA of GPV, GHPV, and GoCV was achieved. These optimised parameters are presented in Table 1, and the correct electrophoresis separation is shown in Fig. 1.
Optimal parameters of triplex PCR
Parameter | Volume of parameter |
---|---|
Concentration of Mg2+ | 3 mM |
Temperature of primers | 60°C |
Number of cycles | 37 |
Concentration of Taq polymerase DNA | 1 U |
Molecular biological methods, and in particular the amplification reaction together with its variants, have been widely used for several years, also in the diagnosis of poultry diseases, a difficulty concerning which is the lack of diagnostic kits on the market. Another problem is the seasonality of geese or duck embryos used for diagnosing waterfowl diseases.
In recognition of this situation, research was undertaken to optimise the triplex PCR performance parameters for simultaneous detection of goose parvovirus, goose circovirus, and goose polyomavirus. It should be noted that these three infections are diagnosed differentially and are currently causes of significant economic losses in large scale poultry production.
So far, few authors have undertaken trials to optimise poultry disease molecular diagnostic methods with strong focus on simultaneous detection of genetic material of several aetiological factors. In 2013, Chen
However, other authors have optimised the amplification parameters for single detection of viral infections in poultry (2, 3, 4). Leon
For comparison of molecular biology methods, Woźniakowski
In the summary, it should be clearly stated that the developed method is original and sizeably supplements the choices in diagnosis of poultry diseases. This method largely eliminates limitations of both cost and the availability of a sufficient amount of material for testing, and also significantly shortens the time of analysis in comparison to individual amplification reactions detecting particular viruses.