Carbapenems have recently begun to be utilised for treatment of serious
Since the carbapenemases in
The suspected colonies from faecal and water samples were identified according to Quinn
List of primers used in this study
Gene | Sequence (5'–3') | Size (bp) | References |
---|---|---|---|
F: ATGTCACTGTATCGCCGTCT | 882 | ||
R: TTTTCAGAGCCT TACTGCCC | |||
F: TTGGTGGCATCGATTATCGG | 743 | ||
R: GAGCACTTCTTTTGTGATGGC | Hamza |
||
F: GGTTTGGCGATCTGGTTTTC | 621 | ||
R: CGGAATGGCTCATCACGATC | |||
F: GACAACGCCCTCAGCATCACCAGC | 396 | ||
R: CGCTGGCCCATTCGCTCCAGCGCT | Xu |
PCR mixtures consisted of 3 μL of genomic DNA template, 25 μL of DNA polymerase master mix (Takara Bio Inc., Japan), and 0.4 μM of each primer, for a total reaction volume of 50 μL. The cycling parameters for the
PCR product in a 5 μL volume was electrophoresed on 1.5% agarose gel to determine the size of the product.
The three
Samples from buffaloes, cattle, livestock drinking water, and humans were examined for the presence of
Occurrence among different sources of
Origin of sample | Number of samples | Number of samples positive for |
Occurrence of |
Number of samples positive for CRPA | Occurrence of CRPA (%) | Exotoxin A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffalo | 50 | 20 | 40 | 12 | 60 | 40 strains out of 50 (80%) |
Cattle | 50 | 17 | 34 | 10 | 59 | |
Livestock drinking water | 30 | 3 | 10 | 2 | 67 | |
Human | 50 | 10 | 20 | 7 | 70 |
All
The present study was undertaken to examine the prevalence and origin of
The occurrence of
The use of antimicrobials in farming and livestock management has contributed to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment (14). Carbapenems are not licensed for use in veterinary medicine or livestock production anywhere around the world (27). However, in this study CRPA was recovered from 60% and 58% of animal isolates, 66% of water isolates, and 70% of human isolates. Screening for carbapenemase-encoding genes (
To explain the possible genetic link between the activity of exotoxin A gene and antibiotic resistance inherited in
In conclusion, the presence and persistence of CRPA in non-human sources may pose a great risk to public health. Environmental water may play a pivotal role in transmission of CRPA between humans and animals and this requires further work to fully characterise and quantify the input of CRPA strains specifically from hospitals compared with those originating from the general community or other wastewater-related sources.