Development and Optimization of a System for the Extraction, Filtration, and Concentration of Date Fruit Syrup to Produce High-Quality Dips
, oraz
30 kwi 2022
O artykule
Data publikacji: 30 kwi 2022
Zakres stron: 45 - 50
Otrzymano: 01 wrz 2021
Przyjęty: 01 mar 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2022-0001
Słowa kluczowe
© 2022 Siddig H. Hamad et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Color and pH of the syrups produced
| Pressure (mbar) | pH | ΔE |
|---|---|---|
| 1000 | 5.4b ± 0.01 | 42.8d ± 0.1 |
| −1.8 | 5.4b ± 0.01 | 43.3c ± 0.1 |
| −2.8 | 5.4b ± 0.01 | 46.4b ± 0.04 |
| −5.5 | 6.0a ± 0.06 | 47.5a ± 0.03 |
Chemical parameters of commercial and sun evaporated dips
| Pressure | Sugar (g per kg) | Protein (%) | Ash (%) | Acidity (%) | Moisture (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commercial | 628.8c±0.64 | 2.8b±0.03 | 1.7b±0.03 | 0.49b±0.01 | 19.5a±0.01 |
| 1000 | 719.7b±1.15 | 3.0b±0.1 | 1.8ab±0.03 | 0.53b±0.02 | 13.8b±0.05 |
| −1.8 | 727.8b±2.25 | 4.0a±2.14 | 2.1a±0.01 | 0.64a±0.01 | 13.5b±0.01 |
| −2.8 | 759.1a±2.25 | 3.8a±0.07 | 2.0a±0.02 | 0.66a±0.01 | 14.0b±0.03 |
| −5.5 | 761.0a±3.46 | 3.9a±0.01 | 2.2a±0.04 | 0.68a±0.06 | 13.6b±0.02 |
Phenolic content and color in commercial and sun evaporated dips
| Pressure (mbar) | Phenolics (mg GAE per 100 g) | ΔE |
|---|---|---|
| Commercial | 4.8c ± 0.02 | 80.0b ± 0.02 |
| 1000 | 5.2b ± 0.10 | 84.5a ± 0.01 |
| −1.4 | 5.7a ± 0.03 | 85.2a ± 0.02 |
| −2.8 | 5.8a ± 0.02 | 85.2a ± 0.02 |
| −5.5 | 5.9a ± 0.04 | 85.6a ± 0.02 |
TSS, pH and the color of concentrated date syrups (dips)
| Pressure (mbar) | Sun concentration | Rotary concentration | T-test | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TSS | pH | ΔE | TSS | pH | ΔE | |||
| 1000 | 87.4a ±0.60 | 4.9a ±0.01 | 84.5a±0.02 | 88.3a±0.03 | 4.2a±0.01 | 81.5a±0.03 | 312.01 | 0.0001 |
| −1.8 | 87.7a±0.02 | 4.9a±0.01 | 85.2a±0.05 | 87.8a±0.02 | 4.2a±0.02 | 82.7±0.04a | 42.66 | 0.0001 |
| −2.8 | 87.9a±0.03 | 4.9a±0.06 | 85.2a±0.05 | 88.3a±0.02 | 4.2a±0.01 | 82.4a±0.04 | 38.23 | 0.0001 |
| −5.5 | 88.0a±0.03 | 5.0a±0.08 | 85.6a±0.02 | 87.8a±0.07 | 4.3a±0.03 | 82.0a±0.08 | 33.01 | 0.0001 |
Mineral content (ppm) in commercial and sun evaporated dips
| Pressure | Cr | Fe | Cu | Zn | Mg | Ca | Na | K | Mn |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commercial | 29.7a±0.02 | 32.6b±0.02 | 15.8b±0.06 | 6.4c±0.01 | 268.3a±0.40 | 159.4c±0.10 | 45.5b±0.20 | 1166.0a±0.41 | 16.5a±0.12 |
| 1000 mbar | 30.0a±0.02 | 32.9b±0.06 | 18.9a±0.06 | 19.0b±0.04 | 267.0a±0.20 | 197.3b±0.20 | 56.1a±0.20 | 1168.6a±0.36 | 16.8a±0.30 |
| −1.8 mbar | 31.4a±0.08 | 45.6a±0.03 | 18.6a±0.20 | 19.8b±0.06 | 271.9a±0.40 | 261.6a±0.01 | 55.5a±0.20 | 1170.7a±0.90 | 17.2a±0.30 |
| −2.8 mbar | 32.0a±0.01 | 46.2a±0.06 | 19.1a±0.20 | 22.3b±0.06 | 270.6a±0.02 | 256.3a±0.02 | 58.3a±0.20 | 1171.0a±0.80 | 17.3a±0.20 |
| −5.5 mbar | 32.5a±0.01 | 45.5a±0.02 | 19.2a±0.20 | 24.6a±0.02 | 274.6a±0.10 | 262.7a±0.02 | 57.0a±0.30 | 1170.8a±0.90 | 17.9a±0.30 |
Extraction and filtration of date syrup using a ladder system of 1_0, 0_25, 0_112, and 0_011-mm pore sizes at different pressures
| Pressure (mbar) | Initial volume (ml) | Filtrate volume (ml) | Syrup yield (%) | TSS (Brix) | Residue volume (ml) | Moisture of residue (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 | 4523 | 3271 | 72 | 14.9a ± 0.04 | 1252 | 83 |
| −1.8 | 4487 | 3226 | 72 | 14.6a ± 0.06 | 1261 | 83 |
| −2.8 | 4560 | 3324 | 73 | 14.7a ± 0.03 | 1236 | 83 |
| −5.5 | 4439 | 3236 | 73 | 14.9a ± 0.10 | 1203 | 84 |