| Age (years), mean(SD) |
31.4(12.4) |
32.2(13.0) |
30.6(11.6) |
0.28 |
| Male gender, N (%) |
293 (94.8) |
164 (97.0) |
129 (92.1) |
0.53 |
| Body Mass Index 9kg/m2), mean(SD) |
23.7(5.3) |
24.5(5.60 |
22.8(4.7) |
0.07 |
| Ideal Body Weight (kg), mean(SD) |
65.0(6.5) |
65.4(6.7) |
64.6(6.4) |
.028 |
|
| Source of admission, N (%) |
|
|
|
|
| Emergency Department |
260 (84.1) |
147(87.0) |
113 (80.7) |
0.13 |
| Operating Room |
49 (15.9) |
22 (13.0) |
27 (19.3) |
|
|
| Markers of Injury Severity, mean(SD) |
|
|
|
|
| Injury Severity Score, points |
30.0(7.5) |
29.996.8) |
30.2(8.2) |
0.74 |
| Revised Trauma Score, points |
5.3(1.1) |
5.3(1.2) |
5.4(1.1) |
0.63 |
| Shock Index |
0.86(0.3) |
0.9(0.4) |
0.8(0.3) |
0.19 |
| IMPACT mortality, % |
27.9(17.9) |
29.2(18.7) |
26.5(16.8) |
0.19 |
| IMPACT outcome, % |
41.7(20.5) |
43.1(20.9) |
40.1(19.9) |
0.20 |
|
| Physiological Parameters, mean(SD) |
|
|
|
|
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg |
128.3(26.5) |
128.4(27.4) |
128.1(25.6) |
0.91 |
| MAP, mmHg |
94.4(22.6) |
93.8(23.9) |
95.1(21.1) |
0.60 |
| Heart rate, beats/min |
104.7(28.2) |
106.8(28.7) |
102.2(27.5) |
0.15 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min |
24.3(7.0) |
24.7(7.2) |
23.8(6.7) |
0.31 |
| Oxygen saturation, % |
95.7(8.7) |
95.0(10.3) |
96.5(6.3) |
0.12 |
| Temperature, °C |
36.7(0.7) |
36.7(0.7) |
36.7(0.7) |
0.67 |
| CVP, mmHg |
10.7(4.6) |
11.6(5.0) |
9.6(3.8) |
0.01 |
| Arrival GCS |
5.9(2.8) |
5.9(2.9) |
5.9(2.7) |
0.88 |
| GCS 9-12, N(%) |
55(17.8) |
31(18.3) |
25 17.9) |
0.53 |
| GCS ≤ 8, N(%) |
253(81.9) |
138(81.7) |
115(82.1) |
|
|
| Laboratory Parameters, mean(SD) |
|
|
|
|
| White blood cell count, 109/L |
17.3(6.8) |
17.5(7.3) |
17.1(6.2) |
0.68 |
| Hemoglobin, gm/L |
139.3(25.0) |
0.44(0.07) |
0.41(0.1) |
0.04 |
| Platelets, 109/L |
271.9(90.7) |
274(90.5) |
270(91.3) |
0.70 |
| Sodium, mmol/L |
139.6(4.1) |
139.6(4.2) |
139.7(4.0) |
0.81 |
| Chloride, mmol/L |
108.2(8.6) |
108.5(6.2) |
107.8(10.8) |
0.49 |
| Creatinine, umol/L |
90.1(61.2) |
94.3(78.7) |
85.0(27.9) |
0.18 |
| Lactic Acid, mmol/L |
3.2(2.9) |
3.4(3.0) |
3.0(2.9) |
0.34 |
| AST, U/L |
111.8(163.8) |
135.3(207.0) |
83.9(80.6) |
0.06 |
| ALT, U/L |
81.6(134.1) |
100.4(169.6) |
59.3(66.0) |
0.07 |
|
| Respiratory and Ventilator Parameters, mean(SD) |
|
|
|
|
| Tidal volume, mL |
425(37.9) |
427(42.7) |
422(30.8) |
0.24 |
| Tidal volume per IDBW, mL/kg |
6.6(0.8) |
6.6(0.8) |
6.6(0.8) |
0.90 |
| FiO2, % |
0.8(0.3) |
0.8(0.3) |
0.8(0.3) |
0.93 |
| PEEP, mmHg |
5.9(3.2) |
6.1(3.8) |
5.7(2.1) |
0.31 |
| pH |
7.29(0.9) |
7.29(0.1) |
7.29(0.1) |
0.44 |
| PaCO2, mmHg |
4..2(9.3) |
43.8(9.9) |
42.5(8.5) |
0.23 |
| PaO2, mmHg |
228.4(143.4) |
175.8(117.8) |
291.9(146.2) |
<0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, |
316(237) |
240(171) |
407.5(272.5) |
<0.001 |
|
| CT Head Findings, N(%) |
|
|
|
|
| Epidural Hematoma |
26(8.4) |
16(9.5) |
10(7.1) |
0.50 |
| Subdural Hematoma |
125(40.5) |
69(40.8) |
56(40.0) |
0.88 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
115(37.2) |
67(39.6) |
48(34.3 ) |
0.33 |
| Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage/Contusion |
151(48.9) |
81(47.9) |
70(50.0) |
0.72 |
| Intraventricular Hemorrhage |
46(14.9) |
26(15.4) |
20(14.3) |
0.79 |
| Cerebral Edema |
107(34.6) |
54(32.0) |
53(37.9) |
0.28 |
| Midline Shift ≥5mm |
42(13.6) |
19(11.2) |
23(16.4) |
0.19 |
| Axonal Injury |
20(6.5) |
11(6.5) |
9(6.4) |
0.98 |
| Herniation |
30(9.7) |
15(8.9) |
15(10.7) |
0.59 |
| Normal findings |
50(16.2) |
25(14.8) |
25(17.9) |
0.47 |
| Isolated Head Injury, N (%) |
96(30.1) |
49(29.0) |
47(33.6) |
0.39 |
|
| Management |
|
|
|
|
| Fluid balance at 24 hours (mL), mean±SD |
3372(2528) |
3435(2678) |
3298(2343) |
0.64 |
|
| Blood products (Units), mean(SD) |
|
|
|
|
| Red blood cells |
2.1(3.9) |
1.8(3.8) |
2.3(3.9) |
0.26 |
| Platelets |
6.2(4.9) |
7.5(5.8) |
5.1(3.6) |
0.05 |
| Fresh frozen plasma |
5.8(4.6) |
6.4(5.1) |
5.3(3.6) |
0.27 |
|
| Tranexamic acid, N(%) |
|
50 (29.8) |
45 (32.4) |
0.62 |
| Vasopressor index, mean(SD) |
3.5(0.7) |
3.5(0.7) |
3.5(0.6) |
0.46 |
| ICP Monitoring, N(%) |
47(15.2) |
22(14.1) |
25(19.2) |
0.24 |
| Hypertonic saline, N(%) |
155(50.2) |
87(59.6) |
68(57.1) |
0.69 |
| Head injury protocol, N(%) |
165(53.4) |
89(86.5) |
76(70.4) |
0.75 |
