This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Romero R, Dey SK, Fisher SJ. Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science. 2014;345(6198):760-5.Search in Google Scholar
Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Bell EF, Walsh MC, Carlo WA, Shankaran S, et al. Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates. 1993-2012. JAMA 2015;314(10):1039-51.Search in Google Scholar
Dagklis T, Tsakiridis I, Papazisis G, Athanasiadis A. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids’ administration for pulmonary immaturity in anticipated preterm delivery. Curr Pharm Des. 2021;27(36):3754-61.Search in Google Scholar
Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD004454.Search in Google Scholar
Liggins GC, Howie RN. A controlled trial of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment for prevention of the respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants. Pediatrics. 1972;50(4):515-25.Search in Google Scholar
O’Connor K., O‘Neil E. Corticosteroids‘ Effect on Fetal Lung Maturation (1972), by sir Graham Collingwood Liggins and Ross Howie. The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. 2018 ISSN: 1940-5030.Search in Google Scholar
Van der Laan S, Meijer OC. Pharmacology of glucocorticoids: beyond receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;585(2-3):483-91.Search in Google Scholar
Hillman NH, Kallapur SG, Jobe AH. Physiology of transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. Clin Perinatol 2012;39(4):769-83.Search in Google Scholar
Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(4):e155-64.Search in Google Scholar
Hogan M, Kuliszewski M, Lee W, Post M. Regulation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in maturing type II cells: increased mRNA stability of CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyl-transferase. Biochem J. 1996;314(Pt 3):799-803.Search in Google Scholar
Adams TM, Kinzler WL, Chavez MR, Vintzileos AM. The timing of administration of antenatal corticosteroids in women with indicated preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(5):645.e1-4.Search in Google Scholar
Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD004454.Search in Google Scholar
Elimian A, Figueroa R, Spitzer AR, Ogburn PL, Wiencek V, Quirk JG. Antenatal corticosteroids: are incomplete courses beneficial? Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(2):352-5.Search in Google Scholar
Vermillion ST, Soper DE, Newman RB. Is betamethasone effective longer than 7 days after treatment? Obstet Gynecol. 2001;(4)97:491-3.Search in Google Scholar
Peaceman AM, Bajaj K, Kumar P, Grobman WA. The interval between a single course of antenatal steroids and delivery and its association with neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(3 Pt 2):1165-9.Search in Google Scholar
Bonanno C, Wapner RJ. Antenatal corticosteroids in the management of preterm birth: are we back where we started? Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2012;39(1):47-63.Search in Google Scholar
Gates S, Brocklehurst P. Decline in effectiveness of antenatal corticosteroids with time to birth: real or artefact? BMJ 2007;335(7610):77-9.Search in Google Scholar
Park CK, Isayama T, McDonald SD. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy before 24 weeks of gestation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(4):715-25.Search in Google Scholar
Carlo WA, McDonald SA, Fanaroff AA, Vohr BR, Stoll BJ, Ehrenkranz RA, et al. Association of antenatal corticosteroids with mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants born at 22 to 25 weeks’ gestation. JAMA 2011;306(21):2348-58.Search in Google Scholar
Ehret DEY, Edwards EM, Greenberg LT, Bernstein IM, Buzas JS, Soll RF, et al. Association of antenatal steroid exposure with survival among infants receiving postnatal life support at 22 to 25 weeks’ gestation. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(6):e183235.Search in Google Scholar
Backes CH, Rivera BK, Pavlek L, Beer LJ, Ball MK, Zettler ET, et al. Proactive neonatal treatment at 22 weeks of gestation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(2):158-74.Search in Google Scholar
McGoldrick E, Stewart F, Parker R, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12(12):CD004454.Search in Google Scholar
Althabe F, Belizan JM, McClure EM, Hemingway-Foday J, Berrueta M, Mazzoni A, et al. A population-based, multifaceted strategy to implement antenatal corticosteroid treatment versus standard care for the reduction of neonatal mortality due to preterm birth in low-income and middle-income countries: the ACT cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2015;385(9968):629-3.Search in Google Scholar
Oladapo OT, Vogel JP, Piaggio G, Nguyen MH, Althabe F, Gülmezoglu AM, et al. Antenatal dexamethasone for early preterm birth in low-resource countries. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(26):2514-25.Search in Google Scholar
Deshmukh M, Patole S. Antenatal corticosteroids for impending late preterm (34-36+6 weeks) deliveries – A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248774.Search in Google Scholar
Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Thom EA, Blackwell SC, Tita AT, Reddy UM, Saade GR, et al. Antenatal betamethasone for women at risk for late preterm delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(14):1311-20.Search in Google Scholar
Roberts D, Brown J, Medley N, Dalziel SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3): CD004454.Search in Google Scholar
Howie RN, Liggins GC. The New Zealand study of antepartum glucocorticoid treatment. In: Farrell PM, editor. Lung development: biological and clinical perspectives. Vol. II: Neonatal respiratory distress. New York: Academic Press; 1983. p. 255-65.Search in Google Scholar
Khandelwal M, Chang E, Hansen C, Hunter K, Milcarek B. Betamethasone dosing interval: 12 or 24 hours apart? A randomized, noninferiority open trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 206(3):201.e1-11.Search in Google Scholar
Brownfoot FC, Gagliardi DI, Bain E, Middleton P, Crowther CA. Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;29(8):CD006764.Search in Google Scholar
Danesh A, Janghorbani M, Khalatbari S. Effects of antenatal corticosteroids on maternal serum indicators of infection in women at risk for preterm delivery: A randomized trial comparing betamethasone and dexamethasone. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(10):911-7.Search in Google Scholar
Crowther CA, Middleton PF, Voysey M, Askie L, Zhang S, Martlow TK, et al. Effects of repeat prenatal corticosteroids given to women at risk of preterm birth: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16(4):e1002771.Search in Google Scholar
Wapner RJ, Sorokin Y, Thom EA, Johnson F, Dudley DJ, Spong CY, et al. Single versus weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids: evaluation of safety and efficacy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(3):633-42.Search in Google Scholar
Sawady J, Mercer BM, Wapner RJ, Zhao Y, Sorokin Y, Johnson F, et al. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Beneficial Effects of Antenatal Repeated Steroids study: impact of repeated doses of antenatal corticosteroids on placental growth and histologic findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 197(3):281.e1-8.Search in Google Scholar
Cartwright RD, Crowther CA, Anderson PJ, Harding JE, Doyle LW, McKinlay CJD. Association of fetal growth restriction with neurocognitive function after repeated antenatal betamethasone treatment vs placebo: secondary analysis of the ACTORDS randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e187636.Search in Google Scholar
Saccone G, Berghella V. Antenatal corticosteroids for maturity of term or near term fetuses: systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2016;355:i5044.Search in Google Scholar
Stutchfield P, Whitaker R, Russell I. Antenatal betamethasone and incidence of neonatal respiratory distress after elective caesarean section: pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ. 2005;331(7518):662.Search in Google Scholar
Sotiriadis A, McGoldrick E, Makrydimas G, Papatheodorou S, Ioannidis JP, Stewart F, et al. Antenatal corticosteroids prior to planned caesarean at term for improving neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;2021(12):CD006614.Search in Google Scholar
Palas D, Ehlinger V, Alberge C, Truffert P, Kayem G, Goffinet F, et al. Efficacy of antenatal corticosteroids in preterm twins: the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. BJOG 2018;125(9):1164-70.Search in Google Scholar
Gyamfi C, Mele L, Wapner RJ, Spong CY, Peaceman A, Sorokin Y, et al. The effect of plurality and obesity on betamethasone concentrations in women at risk for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(3):21. e1-5.Search in Google Scholar
Della Torre M, Hibbard JU, Jeong H, Fischer JH. Betamethasone in pregnancy: Influence of maternal body weight and multiple gestation on pharmacokinetics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203(3):254.e1-12.Search in Google Scholar
Tsakiridis I, Mamopoulos A, Chalkia-Prapa EM, AthanasiadisA, Dagklis T. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: a review of 3 national guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2018;73(6):368-75.Search in Google Scholar
Harding JE, Pang J, Knight DB, Liggins GC. Do antenatal corticosteroids help in the setting of preterm rupture of membranes? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184(2):131-9.Search in Google Scholar
Brookfield KF, El-Sayed YY, Chao L, Berger V, Naqvi M, Butwick AJ. Antenatal corticosteroids for preterm premature rupture of membranes: single or repeat course? Am J Perinatol. 2015;32(6):537-44.Search in Google Scholar
Yang SH, Choi SJ, Roh CR, Kim JH. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroid therapy in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. J Perinat Med. 2004;32(1):42-8.Search in Google Scholar
Torrance HL, Derks JB, Scherjon SA, Wijnberger LD, Visser GH. Is antenatal steroid treatment effective in preterm IUGR fetuses? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(10):1068-73.Search in Google Scholar
Blankenship SA, Brown KE, Simon LE, Stout MJ, Tuuli MG. Antenatal corticosteroids in preterm small-for-gestational age infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020;2(4):100215.Search in Google Scholar
Familiari A, Napolitano R, Visser GHA, Lees C, Wolf H, Prefumo F. Antenatal corticosteroids and perinatal outcomes in late fetal growth restriction: analysis of a prospective cohort. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2023;61(2):191-97.Search in Google Scholar
Jobe AH. Quality improvement and antenatal steroids. J Pediatr. 2021;232:9-10.Search in Google Scholar
Asztalos EV, Murphy KE, Willan AR, Matthews SG, Ohlsson A, Saigal S, et al. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth study: outcomes in children at 5 years of age (MACS-5). JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(12):1102-10.Search in Google Scholar
Gorcheva Z. Current understanding of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia as a premalignant lesion of gastric cancer. J Biomed Clin Res. 2022;15(2):118-22.Search in Google Scholar
Dagklis T, Sen C, Tsakiridis I, Villalain C, Allegaert K, Wellmann S, et al. The use of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal maturation: clinical practice guideline by the WAPM-World Association of Perinatal Medicine and the PMF-Perinatal Medicine Foundation. Perinatal Journal 2022;30(1):1-11.Search in Google Scholar