Morphometric and Genetic Characterization of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) From Thrace Region of Turkey

Anonymous (2020). Resmi Gazete 2020/33, 05.12.2020 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/12/20201205-5.htm Anonymous 2020 Resmi Gazete 2020/33, 05.12.2020 https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/12/20201205-5.htm Search in Google Scholar

Bodur, Ç., Kence, M., Kence, A. (2007). Genetic structure of honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations of Turkey inferred from microsatellite analysis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2007.11101366 BodurÇ. KenceM. KenceA. 2007 Genetic structure of honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations of Turkey inferred from microsatellite analysis Journal of Apicultural Research 46 1 50 56 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2007.11101366 10.1080/00218839.2007.11101366 Search in Google Scholar

Bouga, M., Alaux, C., Bienkowska, M., Büchler, R., Carreck, N. L., Cauia, E., … Wilde, J. (2011). A review of methods for discrimination of honey bee populations as applied to European beekeeping. Journal of Apicultural Research, 50(1), 51–84. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.06 BougaM. AlauxC. BienkowskaM. BüchlerR. CarreckN. L. CauiaE. WildeJ. 2011 A review of methods for discrimination of honey bee populations as applied to European beekeeping Journal of Apicultural Research 50 1 51 84 https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.06 10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.06 Search in Google Scholar

Bouga, M., Harizanis, P. C., Kilias, G., Alahiotis, S. (2005). Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations from Greece and Cyprus using PCR - RFLP analysis of three mtDNA segments. Apidologie, 36(3), 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2005021 BougaM. HarizanisP. C. KiliasG. AlahiotisS. 2005 Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) populations from Greece and Cyprus using PCR - RFLP analysis of three mtDNA segments Apidologie 36 3 335 344 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2005021 10.1051/apido:2005021 Search in Google Scholar

Chen, C., Liu, Z., Pan, Q., Chen, X., Wang, H., Guo, H., … Shi, W. (2016). Genomic Analyses Reveal Demographic History and Temperate Adaptation of the Newly Discovered Honey Bee Subspecies Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan n. ssp. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33(5), 1337–1348. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw017 ChenC. LiuZ. PanQ. ChenX. WangH. GuoH. ShiW. 2016 Genomic Analyses Reveal Demographic History and Temperate Adaptation of the Newly Discovered Honey Bee Subspecies Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan n. ssp Molecular Biology and Evolution 33 5 1337 1348 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw017 10.1093/molbev/msw017483922126823447 Search in Google Scholar

Cooley, W. W., & Lohnes, R. R. (1971). Multivariate Data Analysis. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York 1971, 364 S. https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19730150413 CooleyW. W. LohnesR. R. 1971 Multivariate Data Analysis John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 1971 364 S https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19730150413 10.1002/bimj.19730150413 Search in Google Scholar

Coroian, C. O., Muñoz, I., Schlüns, E. A., Paniti-Teleky, O. R., Erler, S., Furdui, E. M., … Moritz, R. F. A. (2014). Climate rather than geography separates two European honeybee subspecies. Molecular Ecology, 23(9), 2353–2361. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12731 CoroianC. O. MuñozI. SchlünsE. A. Paniti-TelekyO. R. ErlerS. FurduiE. M. MoritzR. F. A. 2014 Climate rather than geography separates two European honeybee subspecies Molecular Ecology 23 9 2353 2361 https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12731 10.1111/mec.1273124650190 Search in Google Scholar

Crozier, R. H., & Crozier, Y. C. (1993). The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: Complete sequence and genome organization. Genetics, 133(1), 97–117. CrozierR. H. CrozierY. C. 1993 The mitochondrial genome of the honeybee Apis mellifera: Complete sequence and genome organization Genetics 133 1 97 117 10.1093/genetics/133.1.9712053038417993 Search in Google Scholar

Franck, P., Garnery, L., Loiseau, A., Oldroyd, B. P., Hepburn, H. R., Solignac, M., Cornuet, J. M. (2001). Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: Microsatellite and mitochondrial data. Heredity, 86, 420–430. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00842.x FranckP. GarneryL. LoiseauA. OldroydB. P. HepburnH. R. SolignacM. CornuetJ. M. 2001 Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: Microsatellite and mitochondrial data Heredity 86 420 430 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00842.x 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00842.x11520342 Search in Google Scholar

Franck, P., Garnery, L., Solignac, M., Cornuet, J. M. (2000). Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honeybees from the Near East. Apidologie, 31(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000114 FranckP. GarneryL. SolignacM. CornuetJ. M. 2000 Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honeybees from the Near East Apidologie 31 2 167 180 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2000114 10.1051/apido:2000114 Search in Google Scholar

Garnery, L., Cornuet, J. M, Solignac, M. (1992). Evolutionary history of the honey bee Apis mellifera inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. Molecular Ecology, 1(3), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00170.x GarneryL. CornuetJ. M SolignacM. 1992 Evolutionary history of the honey bee Apis mellifera inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis Molecular Ecology 1 3 145 154 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00170.x 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1992.tb00170.x1364272 Search in Google Scholar

Güler, A. (2010). A morphometric model for determining the effect of commercial queen bee usage on the native honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) population in a Turkish province. Apidologie, 41(6), 622–635. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010037 GülerA. 2010 A morphometric model for determining the effect of commercial queen bee usage on the native honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) population in a Turkish province Apidologie 41 6 622 635 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010037 10.1051/apido/2010037 Search in Google Scholar

Güler, A., Bek, Y., Guven, H. (2010). The Importance of Morphometric Geometry on Discrimination of Carniolan (Apis mellifera carnica) and Caucasian (A. m. caucasica) Honey Bee Subspecies and in Determining Their Relationship to Thrace Region Bee Genotype. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 83(2), 154–162. GülerA. BekY. GuvenH. 2010 The Importance of Morphometric Geometry on Discrimination of Carniolan (Apis mellifera carnica) and Caucasian (A. m. caucasica) Honey Bee Subspecies and in Determining Their Relationship to Thrace Region Bee Genotype Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 83 2 154 162 10.2317/JKES0702.20.1 Search in Google Scholar

Güler, A., & Kaftanoğlu, O. (1999). Morphological Characters of Some Important Races and Ecotypes of Turkish Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)-I. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 23(Suppl.3), 565–570. GülerA. KaftanoğluO. 1999 Morphological Characters of Some Important Races and Ecotypes of Turkish Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)-I Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 23 Suppl.3 565 570 Search in Google Scholar

Hall, T. A. (1999). BIOEDIT: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series. HallT. A. 1999 BIOEDIT: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT Nucleic Acids Symposium Series Search in Google Scholar

Han, F., Wallberg, A., Webster, M. T. (2012). From where did the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) originate? Ecology and Evolution, 2(8), 1949–1957. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.312 HanF. WallbergA. WebsterM. T. 2012 From where did the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) originate? Ecology and Evolution 2 8 1949 1957 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.312 10.1002/ece3.312343399722957195 Search in Google Scholar

Huson, D. H., & Bryant, D. (2006). Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 23(2), 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj030 HusonD. H. BryantD. 2006 Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 2 254 267 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msj030 10.1093/molbev/msj03016221896 Search in Google Scholar

Kandemir, I., Kence, M., Sheppard, W. S., Kence, A. (2006). Mitochondrial DNA variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from Turkey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 45(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2006.11101310 KandemirI. KenceM. SheppardW. S. KenceA. 2006 Mitochondrial DNA variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from Turkey Journal of Apicultural Research 45 1 33 38 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2006.11101310 10.1080/00218839.2006.11101310 Search in Google Scholar

Kauhausen-Keller, D., Ruttner, F., Keller, R. (1997). Morphometric studies on the microtaxonomy of the species Apis mellifera L. Apidologie, 28(5), 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970506 Kauhausen-KellerD. RuttnerF. KellerR. 1997 Morphometric studies on the microtaxonomy of the species Apis mellifera L Apidologie 28 5 295 307 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970506 10.1051/apido:19970506 Search in Google Scholar

Kekecoglu, M., Bouga, M., Soysal, M. I., Harizanis, P. (2009). Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of honey bee populations from Turkey using PCR-RFLP’S analysis of two mtDNA segments. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(6), 589–597. KekecogluM. BougaM. SoysalM. I. HarizanisP. 2009 Genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of honey bee populations from Turkey using PCR-RFLP’S analysis of two mtDNA segments Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 15 6 589 597 Search in Google Scholar

Kozmus, P., Stevanović, J., Stanimirović, Z., Stojić, V., Kulišić, Z., Meglič, V. (2007). Analysis of mitochondrial DNA in honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Serbia. Acta Veterinaria, 57(5–6), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.2298/AVB0706465K KozmusP. StevanovićJ. StanimirovićZ. StojićV. KulišićZ. MegličV. 2007 Analysis of mitochondrial DNA in honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Serbia Acta Veterinaria 57 5–6 465 476 https://doi.org/10.2298/AVB0706465K 10.2298/AVB0706465K Search in Google Scholar

Kuliçi, M., & Kume, K. (2014). Study on morphometric traits of the Albanian bees. Albanian Journal of Agricultural Science, Special Issue, 419–425. KuliçiM. KumeK. 2014 Study on morphometric traits of the Albanian bees Albanian Journal of Agricultural Science Special Issue 419 425 Search in Google Scholar

Lodesani, M., & Costa, C. (2003). Bee breeding and genetics in Europe. Bee World, 84(2), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2003.11099579 LodesaniM. CostaC. 2003 Bee breeding and genetics in Europe Bee World 84 2 69 85 https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2003.11099579 10.1080/0005772X.2003.11099579 Search in Google Scholar

Martimianakis, S., Klossa-Kilia, E., Bouga, M., Kilias, G. (2011). Phylogenetic relationships of Greek Apis mellifera subspecies based on sequencing of mtDNA segments (COI and ND5). Journal of Apicultural Research, 50(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.05 MartimianakisS. Klossa-KiliaE. BougaM. KiliasG. 2011 Phylogenetic relationships of Greek Apis mellifera subspecies based on sequencing of mtDNA segments (COI and ND5) Journal of Apicultural Research 50 1 42 50 https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.05 10.3896/IBRA.1.50.1.05 Search in Google Scholar

Meixner, M. D., Leta, M. A., Koeniger, N., Fuchs, S. (2011). The honey bees of Ethiopia represent a new subspecies of Apis mellifera-Apis mellifera simensis n. ssp. Apidologie, 42(3), 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-011-0007-y MeixnerM. D. LetaM. A. KoenigerN. FuchsS. 2011 The honey bees of Ethiopia represent a new subspecies of Apis mellifera-Apis mellifera simensis n. ssp Apidologie 42 3 425 437 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-011-0007-y 10.1007/s13592-011-0007-y Search in Google Scholar

Meixner, M D, Costa, C., Francis, R. M., Uzunov, A., Kryger, P., Carreck, N. L., Hatjina, F., Büchler, R. (2014). Honey bee genotypes and the environment. Journal of Apicultural Research, 53(2), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.53.2.01 MeixnerM D CostaC. FrancisR. M. UzunovA. KrygerP. CarreckN. L. HatjinaF. BüchlerR. 2014 Honey bee genotypes and the environment Journal of Apicultural Research 53 2 183 187 https://doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.53.2.01 10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.01 Search in Google Scholar

Meixner, M. D., Pinto, M. A., Bouga, M., Kryger, P., Ivanova, E., Fuchs, S. (2013). Standard methods for characterising subspecies and ecotypes of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research, 52(4), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.05 MeixnerM. D. PintoM. A. BougaM. KrygerP. IvanovaE. FuchsS. 2013 Standard methods for characterising subspecies and ecotypes of Apis mellifera Journal of Apicultural Research 52 4 1 28 https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.05 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.05 Search in Google Scholar

Moritz, R. F. A. (1991). The limitations of biometric control on pure race breeding in Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research, 30(2), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1991.11101234 MoritzR. F. A. 1991 The limitations of biometric control on pure race breeding in Apis mellifera Journal of Apicultural Research 30 2 54 59 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.1991.11101234 10.1080/00218839.1991.11101234 Search in Google Scholar

Muñoz, I., Dall’Olio, R., Lodesani, M., Rúa, P. D. La. (2009). Population genetic structure of coastal Croatian honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica). Apidologie, 40(6), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009041 MuñozI. Dall’OlioR. LodesaniM. RúaP. D. La. 2009 Population genetic structure of coastal Croatian honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) Apidologie 40 6 617 626 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009041 10.1051/apido/2009041 Search in Google Scholar

Muñoz, I., Stevanovic, J., Stanimirovic, Z., De la Rúa, P. (2012). Genetic variation of Apis mellifera from Serbia inferred from mitochondrial analysis. Journal of Apicultural Science, 56(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0007-9 MuñozI. StevanovicJ. StanimirovicZ. De la RúaP. 2012 Genetic variation of Apis mellifera from Serbia inferred from mitochondrial analysis Journal of Apicultural Science 56 1 59 69 https://doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0007-9 10.2478/v10289-012-0007-9 Search in Google Scholar

Nedić, N., Stanisavljević, L., Mladenović, M., Stanisavljević, J. (2009a). Molecular characterization of the honeybee Apis mellifera carnica in Serbia. Archives of Biological Sciences, 61(4), 587–598. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS0904587N NedićN. StanisavljevićL. MladenovićM. StanisavljevićJ. 2009a Molecular characterization of the honeybee Apis mellifera carnica in Serbia Archives of Biological Sciences 61 4 587 598 https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS0904587N 10.2298/ABS0904587N Search in Google Scholar

Oleksa, A., Chybicki, I., Tofilski, A., Burczyk, J. (2011). Nuclear and mitochondrial patterns of introgression into native dark bees (Apis mellifera mellifera) in Poland. Journal of Apicultural Research, 50(2), 116–129. https://doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.50.2.03 OleksaA. ChybickiI. TofilskiA. BurczykJ. 2011 Nuclear and mitochondrial patterns of introgression into native dark bees (Apis mellifera mellifera) in Poland Journal of Apicultural Research 50 2 116 129 https://doi.org/10.3896/ibra.1.50.2.03 10.3896/IBRA.1.50.2.03 Search in Google Scholar

Özdil, F., Yıldız, M. A., Glenn Hall, H. (2009). Molecular characterization of Turkish honey bee populations (Apis mellifera) inferred from mitochondrial DNA RFLP and sequence results. Apidologie, 40(5), 570–576. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009032 ÖzdilF. YıldızM. A. Glenn HallH. 2009 Molecular characterization of Turkish honey bee populations (Apis mellifera) inferred from mitochondrial DNA RFLP and sequence results Apidologie 40 5 570 576 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009032 10.1051/apido/2009032 Search in Google Scholar

Palmer, M. R., Smith, D. R., Kaftanoğlu, O. (2000). Turkish honeybees: Genetic variation and evidence for a fourth lineage of Apis mellifera mtDNA. Journal of Heredity, 91(1), 42–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/91.1.42 PalmerM. R. SmithD. R. KaftanoğluO. 2000 Turkish honeybees: Genetic variation and evidence for a fourth lineage of Apis mellifera mtDNA Journal of Heredity 91 1 42 46 https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/91.1.42 10.1093/jhered/91.1.4210739124 Search in Google Scholar

Péntek-Zakar, E., Oleksa, A., Borowik, T., Kusza, S. (2015). Population structure of honey bees in the Carpathian Basin (Hungary) confirms introgression from surrounding subspecies. Ecology and Evolution, 5(23), 5456–5467. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1781 Péntek-ZakarE. OleksaA. BorowikT. KuszaS. 2015 Population structure of honey bees in the Carpathian Basin (Hungary) confirms introgression from surrounding subspecies Ecology and Evolution 5 23 5456 5467 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1781 10.1002/ece3.1781481311427069597 Search in Google Scholar

Poklukar, J., & Kezic, N. (1994). Estimation of heritability of some characteristics of hind legs and wings of honeybee workers (Apis mellifera carnica Polm.) using the half-sibs method. Apidologie, 25(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19940101 PoklukarJ. KezicN. 1994 Estimation of heritability of some characteristics of hind legs and wings of honeybee workers (Apis mellifera carnica Polm.) using the half-sibs method Apidologie 25 1 3 11 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19940101 10.1051/apido:19940101 Search in Google Scholar

Ruttner, F. (1988). Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72649-1_6 RuttnerF. 1988 Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72649-1_6 10.1007/978-3-642-72649-1 Search in Google Scholar

Ruttner, F., Tassencourt, L., Louveaux, J. (1978). Biometrical-statistical analysis of the geographic variability of Apis mellifera L. I. Material and Methods. Apidologie, 9(4), 363–381. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19780408 RuttnerF. TassencourtL. LouveauxJ. 1978 Biometrical-statistical analysis of the geographic variability of Apis mellifera L. I. Material and Methods Apidologie 9 4 363 381 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19780408 10.1051/apido:19780408 Search in Google Scholar

Sambrook, J., & Russel, D, W. (2001). Molecular Cloning, 3-Volume Set: A Laboratory Manual. In Cold Spring Harboc Laboratory Press. SambrookJ. RusselD, W. 2001 Molecular Cloning, 3-Volume Set: A Laboratory Manual In Cold Spring Harboc Laboratory Press Search in Google Scholar

Sheppard, W. S., Arias, M. C., Grech, A., Meixner, M. D. (1997). Apis mellifera ruttneri, a new honey bee subspecies from Malta. Apidologie, 28(5), 287–293. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970505 SheppardW. S. AriasM. C. GrechA. MeixnerM. D. 1997 Apis mellifera ruttneri, a new honey bee subspecies from Malta Apidologie 28 5 287 293 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970505 10.1051/apido:19970505 Search in Google Scholar

Sheppard, W. S., & Meixner, M. D. (2003). Apis mellifera pomonella, a new honey bee subspecies from Central Asia. Apidologie, 34(4), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003037 SheppardW. S. MeixnerM. D. 2003 Apis mellifera pomonella, a new honey bee subspecies from Central Asia Apidologie 34 4 367 375 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2003037 10.1051/apido:2003037 Search in Google Scholar

Smith, D. R., Slaymaker, A., Palmer, M., Kaftanoğlu, O. (1997). Turkish honey bees belong to the east Mediterranean mitochondrial lineage. Apidologie, 28(5), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970503 SmithD. R. SlaymakerA. PalmerM. KaftanoğluO. 1997 Turkish honey bees belong to the east Mediterranean mitochondrial lineage Apidologie 28 5 269 274 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19970503 10.1051/apido:19970503 Search in Google Scholar

Solorzano, C. D., Szalanski, A. L., Kence, M., McKern, J. A., Austin, J. W., Kence, A. (2009). Phylogeography and population genetics of honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Turkey based on COI-COII sequence data. Sociobiology, 53(1), 237–246. SolorzanoC. D. SzalanskiA. L. KenceM. McKernJ. A. AustinJ. W. KenceA. 2009 Phylogeography and population genetics of honey bees (Apis mellifera) from Turkey based on COI-COII sequence data Sociobiology 53 1 237 246 Search in Google Scholar

Spss. (2004). SPSS 13.0 Base User’s Guide®. In Text. Sušnik, S., Kozmus, P., Poklukar, J., Meglič, V. (2004). Molecular characterisation of indigenous Apis mellifera carnica in Slovenia. Apidologie, 35(6), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004061 Spss 2004 SPSS 13.0 Base User’s Guide®. In Text. SušnikS. KozmusP. PoklukarJ. MegličV. 2004 Molecular characterisation of indigenous Apis mellifera carnica in Slovenia Apidologie 35 6 623 636 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2004061 10.1051/apido:2004061 Search in Google Scholar

Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12), 2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197 TamuraK. StecherG. PetersonD. FilipskiA. KumarS. 2013 MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0 Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 12 2725 2729 https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197 10.1093/molbev/mst197384031224132122 Search in Google Scholar

Ünal, G., & Özdil, F. (2018). Genetic characterization of Thrace honey bee populations of Turkey: restriction and sequencing of inter cytochrome C oxidase I-II (CoxI-CoxII) genes. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57(2), 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1426347 ÜnalG. ÖzdilF. 2018 Genetic characterization of Thrace honey bee populations of Turkey: restriction and sequencing of inter cytochrome C oxidase I-II (CoxI-CoxII) genes Journal of Apicultural Research 57 2 213 218 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1426347 10.1080/00218839.2018.1426347 Search in Google Scholar

Whitfield, C. W., Behura, S. K., Berlocher, S. H., Clark, A. G., Johnston, J. S., Sheppard, W. S., … Tsutsui, W. D. (2006). Thrice out of Africa: Ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Science, 314(5799), 642–645. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132772 WhitfieldC. W. BehuraS. K. BerlocherS. H. ClarkA. G. JohnstonJ. S. SheppardW. S. TsutsuiW. D. 2006 Thrice out of Africa: Ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Science 314 5799 642 645 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132772 10.1126/science.113277217068261 Search in Google Scholar