Reproduction and Accompanying Fauna of Red Mason Bee Osmia rufa L. (syn. Osmia bicornis L.) in Areas with Different Levels of Urbanization

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Damage caused by the 3 most significant parasitic species (C_ indagator, M_ obscurus, Ch_ osmiae) in habitats with different urbanization levels

Urbanization level	Habitat	Cells occupied by parasites per tube			Total for area
		min-max	Total for site
			Me	Mean ± SD	Me	Mean ± SD
H	C1	0.14 – 1.19	0.18 a*	0.17 ± 0.02	0.25 A**	0.56 ± 0.61
	C2	1.26 – 1.94	1.39 ab	1.53 ± 036
	C3	0.08 – 0.56	0.28 ab	0.31 ± 0.24
	C4	0.16 – 0.37	0.23 ab	0.25 ± 0.1
M	S1	2.51 – 3.03	2.93 b	2.8 ± 2.7	1.10 B	1.58 ± 1.09
	S2	0.47 – 1.10	0.69 ab	0.75 ± 0.31
	S3	0.25 – 2.21	1.03 ab	1.16 ± 0.99
L	V1	0.32 – 0.45	0.38 ab	0.38 ± 0.06	0.45 AB	0.64 ± 0.44
	V2	0.27 – 1.44	0.92 ab	0.87 ± 0.59
	V3	0.28 – 1.19	0.51 ab	0.66 ± 0.48

Species, families and orders of A/C-fauna of red mason bees (fauna classification according to Krunić et al_, 2005)

Species		City			Suburbs			Village
		2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016	2014	2015	2016
Cleptoparasites	Cacoxenus indagator Loew, 1858	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Chaetodactylus osmiae (Dufour, 1839)	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Chrysopidae sp.								+	+
Parasitoids	Monodontomerus obscurus Westwood, 1833	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Melittobia acasta* (Walker, 1839)			+
Predators	Trichodes apiarius (Linnaeus, 1758)					+		+	+	+
	Raphidioptera sp.						+
	Birds (Picidae sp.)		+	+
Nest destroyers	Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797)							+	+	+
	Ptinus fur (Linnaeus, 1758)						+
	Reduvius personatus (Linnaeus, 1758)									+
	Rhyparochromus vulgaris (Schilling, 1829)			+			+
	Dermestes lardarius Linnaeus, 1758	+	+			+		+
	Megatoma undata (Linnaeus, 1758)		+			+	+	+	+	+
	Plodia interpunctella (Hübner, 1813)	+				+			+	+
	Auplopus carbonarius (Scopoli,1763)	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Cleptobionts	Camponotus fallax (Nylander,1846)	+						+
Accidental nest residents	Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus, 1758)		+	+		+		+
	Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus, 1758)+						+
	Megachile rotundata (Linnaeus, 1758)									+
	Coelioxys echinata* (Foerster, 1853)									+
	Ancistrocerus parietum (Linnaeus, 1758)									+
	Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus, 1758)	+	+				+		+
	Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus 1758)			+					+
	Psocoptera sp.	+		+	+		+	+		+
	Lepidoptera sp.					+		+
No. of species per year		9	9	10	5	10	10	12	11	14
Total no. of species in the area		15			16			20

Mean of cocoons in habitats and areas with different urbanization levels

Urbanization level	Habitat	Emergence rate (Eg)	Mean per tube			Population growth rate (Pg)	% of occupied tubes
			min-max	Total for site	Total for area
				Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
H	C1	96.33	5.4 – 8.3	6.9* ± 3.2 ab	7.3 ± 3.6 A**	5.65	99.85
	C2	97.00	8.2 – 9.2	8.6 ± 3.4 ac
	C3	97.33	5.7 – 8.6	7.7 ± 4.2 abc
	C4	97.90	5.4 – 7.6	6.0 ± 3,5 a
M	S1	97.83	5.3 – 5.7	5.2 ± 3.1 c	6.2 ± 3.5 A	5.18	97.73
	S2	98.25	6.6 – 74	7.0 ± 3.8 abc
	S3	98.83	6.0 – 7.1	6.7 ± 3.5 abc
L	V1	98.08	6.0 – 9.0	7.0 ± 3.1 abc	7.4 ± 3.3 A	5.86	93.67
	V2	98.75	6.6 – 8.6	7.7 ± 3.7 ab
	V3	98.67	6.3 – 9.0	7.5 ± 3.1 ab

Mortality (dead larvae and pupae) in habitats with different urbanization levels

Urbanization level	Habitat	Mean per tube
		min-max	Total for site mean ± SD	Total for area ± SD
H	C1	1.07 – 1.87	1.59 ± 1.6 c*	1.31 ± 1.60 A**
	C2	0.84 – 1.42	1.31 ± 1.2 abc
	C3	1.42 – 1.84	1.55 ± 1.6 bc
	C4	0.46 – 1.39	0.89 ± 1.6 abc
M	S1	0.29 – 0.78	0.60 ± 1.2 a	1.04 ± 1.60 A
	S2	1.80 – 2.04	1.60 ± 1.8 c
	S3	0.68 – 1.24	1.00 ± 1.5 abc
L	V1	0.71 – 1.06	1.11± 1.3 abc	0.85 ± 1.20 A
	V2	0.60 – 0.95	0.70 ± 1.1 a
	V3	0.60 – 1.09	0.75 ± 1.0 ab