Countercyclical fiscal policy and gender employment: evidence from the G-7 countries

Bernardin Akitoby; Jiro Honda; Hiroaki Miyamoto

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Countercyclical fiscal policy and gender employment: evidence from the G-7 countries

Bernardin Akitoby

Jiro Honda

oraz

Hiroaki Miyamoto

| 09 sie 2022

IZA Journal of Labor Policy

Tom 12 (2022): Zeszyt 1 (January 2022)

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Data publikacji: 09 sie 2022

Zakres stron: -

Przyjęty: 02 cze 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2022-0005

Słowa kluczowe
Gender gap, employment, fiscal policy

© 2022 Bernardin Akitoby et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Female share of total employment: 1986–2019.Source: OECD (2016).

Female share of total employment: 2007–2017.Source: OECD (2016).

Output and female share of total employment.

Fiscal spending and female share of total employment.

Effects of government spending shocks on gender equality.Notes: 95% confidence intervals are shown in all cases.

Response of predicted female share of employment during recessions.Notes: The solid lines plot impulse responses obtained by using predicted female employment shares. The dash-dotted lines plot impulse responses obtained by using the actual female employment share. The dash lines denote 90% confidence bands. Correlations between impulse responses obtained by using predicted female employment shares and those obtained by using the actual female employment share are also presented.

Notes: 95% percent confidence intervals are shown in all cases.Source: Authors’ calculations.

Notes: 95% confidence intervals are shown in all cases.Source: Authors’ calculations.

Note: Dashed lines indicate 95 percent confidence intervals and lines with circles present impluse reponses functions in the baseline case.

Effects of government spending shock on gender employment (Changes in the female share of total employment, in percentage points)

Country	Boom					Recession

	Peak			8th quarter		Peak			8th quarter
Canada	0.26	^*	(6)	0.14	^*	0.27	^*	(3)	−0.08
France	0.21		(4)	−0.01		0.36	^*	(3)	0.03
Germany	0.18	^*	(5)	−0.01		0.27	^*	(4)	0.16	^*
Italy	0.09	^*	(8)	0.09	^*	0.52	^*	(7)	0.39	^*
Japan	0.18		(8)	0.18		0.09	^*	(8)	0.09	^*
UK	0.05	^*	(5)	0.01		0.11	^*	(5)	0.08	^*
US	0.17		(5)	0.05		0.31	^*	(4)	0.14	^*

Impacts of spending shocks on female and male unemployment, labor force, and employment during recessions. (Percent changes, peak after the shock)

	Male						Female

	Unemployment rate		Labor force		Employment		Unemployment rate		Labor force		Employment
Canada	−0.2^*	(2)	0.0	(7)	0.7	(7)	−0.4^*	(1)	0.3^*	(3)	1.7^*	(6)
France	−1.0^*	(7)	0.1	(3)	1.5^*	(5)	−0.8^*	(5)	0.3^*	(2)	1.9^*	(3)
Germany	−0.5^*	(3)	0.0	(0)	−0.1	(6)	−0.3	(3)	−0.2^*	(8)	0.2	(0)
Italy	−0.1^*	(1)	−0.2^*	(3)	0.1	(5)	−0.4^*	(4)	0.3^*	(8)	0.5^*	(5)
Japan	−0.1^*	(4)	0.1^*	(7)	0.7^*	(5)	−0.1^*	(2)	0.1^*	(8)	0.8^*	(7)
UK	0.5^*	(6)	0.1^*	(7)	0.0	(0)	0.3^*	(6)	0.1	(5)	0.5^*	(7)
US	−1.4^*	(5)	0.2^*	(6)	1.6^*	(8)	−1.1^*	(5)	0.3^*	(7)	1.9^*	(8)

Summary Statistics

Country	Sample period	Mean (standard deviation)

		GDP	Government Spending	Tax revenues	Female Share of Total Employment Ratio
Canada	1980:1–2016:3	12.08 (0.12)	11.48 (0.09)	11.56 (0.11)	−0.79 (0.05)
France	1992:1–2017:1	5.66 (0.05)	5.04 (0.10)	5.31 (0.11)	−0.77 (0.03)
Germany	1992:2–2016:4	12.39 (0.04)	11.71 (0.04)	11.13 (0.05)	−0.81 (0.04)
Italy	1999:1–2017:1	5.60 (0.01)	5.28 (0.02)	5.11 (0.02)	−0.91 (0.03)
Japan	1980:1–2016:3	14.62 (0.09)	14.03 (0.08)	13.94 (0.08)	−0.89 (0.03)
The UK	1980:1–2017:1	12.12 (0.11)	11.48 (0.09)	11.50 (0.11)	−0.80 (0.05)
The US	1980:1–2016:4	4.04 (0.13)	3.38 (0.08)	3.38 (0.13)	−0.78 (0.03)

Key Gender-Related Fiscal Policies Implemented by G7 Countries

Policy Measure	Country Practices
Tax Policies
Individual income tax	Canada, Italy, Japan, and UK
Tax relief for single or working parents	Most or all G7
Targeted in-work tax credits or benefits	France, Japan
Expenditure Policies
Gender-responsive public employment	All G7
Quotas in managerial positions	France, Germany
Public sector equal pay	Canada, France, Germany-Laender, Italy
Work-life balance	Canada, France, Italy, Japan
Women in low-income support	France, Germany, Italy, Japan
Education, STEM, elimination of stereotypes	All G7
Health prevention and age-related issues	All G7
Child care support	Canada, Japan, UK, Italy, Germany
Paid parental leave	Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan
Gender-related social security reforms	Canada, France, Italy, UK
Pensions linked to the number of children	Germany
Programs to counter domestic violence	All G7
Gender-responsive foreign aid and cooperation	Canada, France, Japan

eISSN:: 2193-9004
Język:: Angielski

Częstotliwość wydawania:: Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:: Business and Economics, Political Economics, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy, Mathematics and Statistics for Economists, Econometrics

Kanał RSS czasopisma

Countercyclical fiscal policy and gender employment: evidence from the G-7 countries

Data publikacji: 09 sie 2022

Zakres stron: -

Przyjęty: 02 cze 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2022-0005

Słowa kluczowe
Gender gap, employment, fiscal policy

© 2022 Bernardin Akitoby et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Effects of government spending shock on gender employment (Changes in the female share of total employment, in percentage points)

Impacts of spending shocks on female and male unemployment, labor force, and employment during recessions. (Percent changes, peak after the shock)

Summary Statistics

Key Gender-Related Fiscal Policies Implemented by G7 Countries

Countercyclical fiscal policy and gender employment: evidence from the G-7 countries

Data publikacji: 09 sie 2022

Zakres stron: -

Przyjęty: 02 cze 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/izajolp-2022-0005

Słowa kluczoweGender gap, employment, fiscal policy

© 2022 Bernardin Akitoby et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Effects of government spending shock on gender employment (Changes in the female share of total employment, in percentage points)

Impacts of spending shocks on female and male unemployment, labor force, and employment during recessions. (Percent changes, peak after the shock)

Summary Statistics

Key Gender-Related Fiscal Policies Implemented by G7 Countries

Słowa kluczowe
Gender gap, employment, fiscal policy