Specification 1 | Specification 2 | Specification 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Migrant (yes = 1) | -1.401*** (0.043) | -1.364*** (0.043) | -1.391*** (0.046) |
Gender (men = 1) | 0.598*** (0.040) | 0.493*** (0.041) | 0.510*** (0.043) |
Age (years) | -0.043*** (0.002) | -0.040*** (0.002) | -0.041*** (0.002) |
BMI | 1.062*** (0.091) | 1.092*** (0.091) | 1.046*** (0.097) |
Self-rated health status | -0.029* (0.016) | -0.014 (0.016) | -0.018 (0.017) |
Years of schooling | -0.218*** (0.007) | -0.223*** (0.007) | -0.228*** (0.007) |
Nondegree training | -0.093*** (0.028) | -0.110*** (0.031) | -0.110*** (0.033) |
Language ability (test score) | -0.011*** (0.003) | -0.012*** (0.003) | -0.012*** (0.003) |
Mathematical ability (test score) | -0.022*** (0.004) | -0.022*** (0.004) | -0.020*** (0.005) |
Memorizing ability | 0.153*** (0.015) | 0.152*** (0.015) | 0.153*** (0.016) |
Confidence about future | 0.086*** (0.019) | 0.080*** (0.019) | 0.071*** (0.020) |
Networking/relation | -0.030*** (0.011) | -0.034*** (0.011) | -0.033*** (0.012) |
The ideal number of children | 0.343*** (0.032) | 0.344*** (0.032) | 0.341*** (0.035) |
People are helpful/selfish | -0.014 (0.040) | 0.002 (0.040) | -0.014 (0.043) |
People are trustworthy | -0.016 (0.039) | -0.028 (0.039) | -0.032 (0.041) |
Trust your neighbor | 0.077*** (0.009) | 0.078*** (0.009) | 0.074*** (0.009) |
Marriage (married = 1) | -0.091* (0.049) | -0.000 (0.049) | -0.110** (0.055) |
Time spend for household works | 0.119*** (0.011) | 0.126*** (0.011) | 0.132*** (0.012) |
Time spend for watching TV | -0.011*** (0.002) | -0.009*** (0.002) | -0.010*** (0.002) |
Family’s social status | 0.109*** (0.025) | 0.113*** (0.025) | 0.129*** (0.026) |
CCP member (yes = 1) | -0.307*** (0.064) | -0.315*** (0.065 | -0.346*** (0.066) |
Unfair treatment by the government | 0.116* (0.063) | 0.090 (0.064) | 0.077 (0.067) |
Unfair treatment due to inequality of personal wealth | 0.241*** (0.061) | 0.230*** (0.061) | 0.237*** (0.065) |
Social status in the local area | 0.110*** (0.023) | 0.095*** (0.023) | 0.071*** (0.026) |
Retirement (yes = 1) | -3.386*** (0.100) | -3.144*** (0.103) | -3.197*** (0.107) |
Currently employed (yes = 1) | 0.678*** (0.045) | 0.736*** (0.051) | |
Hospitalization (yes = 1) | 0.138** (0.064) | ||
Number of deceased siblings | 0.218*** (0.042) | ||
Relative income | 0.033 (0.023) | ||
Currently attending school | 0.403*** (0.136) | ||
Constant | 1.667*** (0.212) | 1.030*** (0.217) | 1.082*** (0.231) |
Pseudo | 0.352 | 0.359 | 0.374 |
Number of observations | 27,212 | 27,212 | 24,890 |
Variables | Mean difference | Agricultural | Nonagricultural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | St. Dev. | Min/Max | Mean | St. Dev. | Min/Max | ||
Wage | 6,251.35* | 7,327.07 | 15,873.77 | 0/442,000 | 13,578.42 | 25,530.21 | 0/408,400 |
Wage excluding zero earners | 8,635.96* | 24,322.81 | 20,569.24 | 1/44,2000 | 32,958.77 | 30,714.97 | 8/408,400 |
Income | 6,914.38* | 7,489.47 | 15,930.62 | 0/442,000 | 14,403.85 | 25,354.24 | 0/408,400 |
Income excluding zero earners | 4,918.77* | 15,563.41 | 20,043.15 | 1/442,000 | 20,482.17 | 28,100.46 | 1/408,400 |
Dependent variable | Model 5.1 | Model 5.2 | Model 5.3 | Model 5.4 | Model 5.5 | Model 5.6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specifications 1 and 2 | Specification 3 | Specification 3 | |||||
NNM 1 | NNM 3 | NNM 1 | NNM 3 | Calip 0.01 | Calip 0.05 | ||
-3,814.18*** | -3,561.34*** | -4,062.46*** | -4,285.88*** | -4,062.46*** | -4,062.46*** | ||
Wage | ATE | (357.02) | (330.72) | (420.31) | (362.24) | (420.31) | (420.31) |
Observation | 27,212 | 27,212 | 24,890 | 24,890 | 24,890 | 24,890 | |
-4,606.76*** | -4,348.29*** | -4,743.90*** | -4,703.81*** | -4,743.90*** | -4,743.89*** | ||
Income | ATE | (396.00) | (337.49) | (449.87) | (379.67) | (449.87) | (449.87) |
Observation | 27,196 | 27,196 | 24,875 | 24,875 | 24,875 | 24,875 | |
Balancing property satisfied | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Common support imposed | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
Treatment model | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit |
Model 7.1 | Model 7.2 | Model 7.3 | Model 7.4 | Model 7.5 | Model 7.6 | Model 7.7 | Model 7.8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work ownership | Type of work | |||||||
Self-employed | Employed by others | Agricultural | Nonagricultural | |||||
NNM 1 | Caliper 0.05 | NNM 1 | Caliper 0.05 | NNM 1 | Caliper 0.1 | NNM 1 | Caliper 0.05 | |
Wage (ATE) | 560.82 | 560.82 | -1796.77** | -1796.77** | -2218.81** | -2218.81** | -2924.92*** | -2924.92*** |
(081.24) | (581.24) | (800.94) | (800.94) | (977.53) | (977.53) | (625.92) | (625.92) | |
Observation | 11,912 | 11,912 | 8,421 | 8,421 | 9,884 | 9,884 | 10,481 | 10,481 |
Income (ATE) | 302.51 | 302.51 | -2056.72*** | -2056.72*** | -2295.04 | -2295.04 | -2714.25*** | -2714.25*** |
(609.25) | (609.25) | (783.93) | (783.93) | (1653.54) | (1653.54) | (630.09) | (630.09) | |
Obs. | 11,906 | 11,906 | 8,415 | 8,415 | 9,879 | 9,879 | 10,474 | 10,474 |
Balancing property satisfied | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Common support imposed | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Treatment model | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit |
Model 8.1 | Model 8.2 | Model 8.3 | Model 8.4 | Model 8.5 | Model 8.6 | Model 8.7 | Model 8.8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types of employer | Sign labor contract | |||||||
Public | Private | Yes/No (applicable) | Not applicable | |||||
NNM 1 | Caliper 0.05 | NNM 1 | Caliper 0.05 | NNM 1 | Calip 0.05 | NNM 1 | Caliper 0.05 | |
Wage (ATE) | –4351.77*** (1375.46) | –4351.77*** (1375.46) | –807.17 (817.79) | –807.17 (817.79) | –2604.17*** (810.65) | –2604.17*** (810.65) | 527.86*** (161.46) | 527.86*** (161.46) |
Observation | 2,331 | 2,331 | 6,099 | 6,099 | 8,423 | 8,423 | 16,460 | 16,460 |
Income (ATE) | –3839.77*** (1335.82) | –3839.77*** (1335.82) | –1167.61 (794.03) | –1167.61 (794.03) | –2196.11*** (777.48) | –2196.11*** (777.48) | 271.6(165.13) | 271.6(165.13) |
Observation | 2,330 | 2,330 | 6,094 | 6,094 | 8,417 | 8,417 | 16,451 | 16,451 |
Balancing property satisfied | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Common support imposed | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Treatment model | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit | Logit |
Variables | Mean-difference | Agricultural | Nonagricultural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | St.Dev. | Min/Max | Mean | St.Dev. | Min/Max | ||
Gender (1 = male, 0 = otherwise) | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.499 | 0/1 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0/1 |
Age (years) | 3.07* | 44.76 | 17.39 | 16/104 | 47.83 | 17.42 | 16/96 |
BMI | -0.05* | 1.39 | 0.22 | 0.67/3.2 | 1.34 | 0.22 | 0.71/3.34 |
Self-rated health status (1 to 5, 1 = excellent, 5 = poor) | 0.05* | 2.94 | 1.29 | 1/5 | 2.99 | 1.15 | 1/5 |
Education (years of schooling) | 3.51* | 6.5 | 4.46 | 0/19 | 10.01 | 4.57 | 0/22 |
Nondegree training (no. of times) | 0.21* | 0.10 | 0.74 | 0/50 | 0.32 | 1.53 | 0/48 |
Math test score (math ability) | 3.33* | 6.92 | 5.71 | 0/24 | 10.25 | 6.58 | 0/24 |
Word test score (language ability) | 6.46* | 14.92 | 11.35 | 0/34 | 21.38 | 10.45 | 0/34 |
Memory test (1 to 5, 1 = better, 5 = worse) | -0.46* | 2.69 | 1.31 | 1/5 | 2.24 | 1.17 | 1/5 |
Currently attending school (yes = 1, no = 0) | -1.52 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0/1 | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0/1 |
Migrant (migrant = 1, nonmigrant = 0) | 0.281* | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0/1 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0/1 |
Future confidence (0 to 5, 0 = low, 5 = high) | -0.06* | 4.05 | 1.03 | 1/5 | 3.99 | 0.98 | 1/5 |
Networking/relation (0 to 10, 0 = low, 10 = high) | 0.03 | 7.24 | 1.85 | 1/10 | 7.27 | 1.72 | 1/10 |
Ideal number of children | -0.21* | 2.07 | 0.80 | 1/10 | 1.87 | 0.68 | 1/10 |
People are helpful/selfish (helpful = 1, selfish = 0) | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0/1 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0/1 |
People are trustworthy (yes = 1, otherwise = 0) | 0.04 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0/1 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0/1 |
Trust your neighbor (0 to 10, 0 = distrustful, 10 = very trustworthy) | -0.29 | 6.71 | 2.20 | 0/10 | 6.42 | 2.09 | 0/10 |
Marital status (married = 1, otherwise = 0) | -0.01* | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0/1 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0/1 |
Time spent on household works (h) | -0.44* | 2.14 | 2.01 | 0/24 | 1.71 | 1.66 | 0/21 |
Time spent on watching TV (h) | 2.39* | 10.92 | 9.74 | 0/154 | 13.31 | 11.49 | 0/112 |
Family’s social status (1 to 5, 1 = very low, 5 = very high) | -0.14* | 3.16 | 0.97 | 1/5 | 3.03 | 0.87 | 1/5 |
Currently employment (yes = 1, no = 0) | -0.20* | 0.79 | 0.40 | 0/1 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0/1 |
Whether retired or not (yes = 1, no = 0) | 0.23* | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0/1 | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0/1 |
Sector of works (agriculture = 1, otherwise = 0) | -0.45* | 0.54 | 0.5 | 0/1 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0/1 |
Whether CCP member (yes = 1, otherwise = 0) | 0.10* | 0.037 | 0.19 | 0/1 | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0/1 |
Faced unfair treatment by government (yes = 1, otherwise = 0) | -0.03* | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0/1 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0/1 |
Faced unfair treatment due to inequality of personal wealth (yes = 1, otherwise = 0) | -0.04* | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0/1 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0/1 |
Social status in the local area (1 to 5, 1 = very low, 5 = very high) | -0.14* | 2.96 | 1.02 | 1/5 | 2.82 | 0.93 | 1/5 |
Number of deceased siblings | -0.01 | 0.2 | 0.58 | 0/7 | 0.19 | 0.59 | 0/10 |
Relative income in the local area | -0.04* | 2.53 | 1.02 | 1/5 | 2.49 | 0.94 | 1/5 |
Model 3.1 | Model 3.2 | Model 3.3 | Model 3.4 | Model 3.5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
–5,438.114*** (269.984) | –3,185.901*** (274.530) | –3,227.510*** (279.679) | –4,761.747*** (320.599) | –4,720.358*** (370.527) | |
Gender (men = 1) | 6,428.181*** (206.449) | 5,900.903*** (209.960) | 6,010.022*** (214.962) | 4,514.904*** (227.875) | 4,611.116*** (228.265) |
Age (years) | 430.630*** (28.660) | –0.920 (34.092) | 0.055 (34.619) | 27.481 (40.876) | 50.419 (40.998) |
Age (years) squared | –7.424*** (0.292) | –2.609*** (0.319) | –2.678*** (0.326) | –2.191*** (0.383) | –2.379*** (0.384) |
BMI | –913.519** (461.287) | 117.785 (464.174) | 155.132 (472.072) | –831.625* (472.471) | –736.267 (471.835) |
Self-rated health status | –466.469*** (87.732) | –315.300*** (88.775) | –274.098*** (92.335) | –252.159*** (93.957) | –250.935*** (93.802) |
Years of schooling | 465.632*** (31.503) | 469.460*** (32.128) | 432.130*** (32.155) | 425.256*** (32.015) | |
Nondegree training | 2,265.070*** (346.046) | 2,263.622*** (351.941) | 2,060.109*** (352.226) | 2,053.600*** (350.637) | |
Language ability (test score) | –66.088*** (14.505) | –66.511*** (14.645) | –25.768* (14.559) | –29.657** (14.546) | |
Mathematical ability (test score) | 291.339*** (34.122) | 293.906*** (34.334) | 255.777*** (33.790) | 251.335*** (33.678) | |
Memorizing ability | –216.803*** (80.333) | –200.820** (81.378) | –269.374*** (82.082) | –264.113*** (82.006) | |
Currently attending school | 18,651.163** (7,435.794) | 18,432.112** (7,505.840) | 17,103.573** (7,546.310) | 17,552.734** (7,513.705) | |
Confidence about the future | –123.459 (90.951) | –77.527 (93.802) | –95.008 (93.734) | ||
Interpersonal networking | 262.077*** (55.514) | 238.595*** (56.684) | 233.468*** (56.682) | ||
The ideal number of children | 111.526 (128.507) | –28.739 (129.044) | –10.891 (128.888) | ||
People are helpful/selfish | –46.385 (242.597) | –85.796 (244.075) | –72.969 (244.443) | ||
People are trustworthy | –51.898 (232.388) | –143.117 (232.768) | –141.040 (232.414) | ||
Trust your neighbour | 22.048 (52.289) | 11.868 (52.992) | 15.381 (53.015) | ||
Marriage (married = 1) | 1,129.312*** (350.500) | 1,225.275*** (349.948) | |||
Time spend on household works | –824.048*** (46.924) | –808.497*** (46.819) | |||
Time spend for watching TV | –101.935*** (9.755) | –100.011*** (9.738) | |||
Family's social status | 38.701 (117.766) | 64.993 (117.466) | |||
CCP member (yes = 1) | 1,300.839*** (490.545) | 1,311.241*** (490.171) | |||
Faced unfair treatment by the government | –301.924 (341.165) | –316.769 (341.359) | |||
Faced unfair treatment due to | |||||
inequality of personal wealth | –238.444 (303.369) | –302.730 (302.937) | |||
Social status in the local area | 303.015*** (117.461) | 330.761*** (117.131) | |||
Retirement (Yes = 1) | –8,929.176*** (421.436) | –9,039.505*** (420.279) | |||
1,861.831** (746.307) | |||||
Migrant | 1,528.756*** (572.376) | ||||
Constant | 22,888.94*** | ||||
21,722.64*** (2,743.592) | 21 ,224.93*** (2,794.445) | 19,639.16*** (2,924.843) | (3,045.005) | 21,195.53*** (3,047.077) | |
Adjusted | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
Number of observations | 30,622 | 28,936 | 28,481 | 27,211 | 27,206 |
Model 4.1 | Model 4.2 | Model 4.3 | Model 4.4 | Model 4.5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
–5,958.411*** (269.550) | –3,653.200*** (274.223) | –3,694.116*** (279.392) | –5,554.602*** (319.534) | –5,640.891*** (367.701) | |
Gender (men = 1) | 6,405.167*** (205.890) | 5,839.734*** (209.381) | 5,949.340*** (214.377) | 3,616.396*** (229.989) | 3,711.284*** (230.173) |
Age (years) | 382.852*** (28.413) | –26.921 (33.849) | –26.742 (34.376) | –205.558*** (40.908) | –183.705*** (40.989) |
Age (years) squared | –6.776*** (0.288) | –2.125*** (0.316) | –2.182*** (0.322) | 0.694* (0.386) | 0.529 (0.386) |
BMI | –1,041.924** (459.608) | –52.315 (462.531) | –6.129 (470.449) | –1,053.251** (468.708) | –948.092** (467.905) |
Self-rated health status | –470.691*** (87.550) | –315.736*** (88.580) | –270.613*** (92.132) | –96.887 (93.485) | –91.632 (93.323) |
Years of schooling | 476.476*** (31.406) | 479.601*** (32.034) | 423.711*** (31.731) | 416.443*** (31.583) | |
Nondegree training | 2,227.160*** (343.694) | 2,225.981*** (349.543) | 1,933.577*** (344.131) | 1,925.112*** (342.590) | |
Language ability (test score) | –58.194*** (14.460) | –58.767*** (14.600) | –17.623 (14.389) | –22.079 (14.374) | |
Mathematical ability (test score) | 284.402*** (33.990) | 287.254*** (34.202) | 240.450*** (33.300) | 235.525*** (33.176) | |
Memorizing ability | –238.198*** (80.080) | –221.034*** (81.136) | –287.082*** (81.318) | –280.665*** (81.215) | |
Currently attending school | 18,230.432** (7,403.289) | 18,031.170** (7,475.821) | 16,648.559** (7,430.966) | 17,080.562** (7,393.865) | |
Confidence about the future | –100.613 (90.650) | –127.343 (93.011) | –147.581 (92.909) | ||
Interpersonal networking | 266.600*** (55.340) | 222.314*** (56.081) | 215.905*** (56.059) | ||
The ideal number of children | 90.663 (127.982) | –70.074 (128.085) | –49.033 (127.899) | ||
People are helpful/selfish | –59.193 (242.143) | 15.385 (241.684) | 30.712 (242.024) | ||
People are trustworthy | –70.856 (231.839) | –237.843 (230.746) | –233.819 (230.349) | ||
Trust your neighbor | 23.572 (52.140) | 18.075 (52.532) | 22.091 (52.542) | ||
Marriage (married = 1) | 1,255.044*** (347.279) | 1,361.699*** (346.628) | |||
Time spend on household works | –767.354*** (46.194) | –749.054*** (46.081) | |||
Time spend for watching TV | –82.188*** (9.648) | –79.758*** (9.630) | |||
Family's social status | 59.314 (116.302) | 89.635 (115.969) | |||
CCP member (yes = 1) | 1,191.020** (485.494) | 1,199.951** (485.026) | |||
Unfair treatment by the government | –453.871 (338.964) | –471.574 (339.152) | |||
Unfair treatment due to inequality of personal wealth | –303.329 (302.872) | –376.583 (302.351) | |||
Social status in the local area | 195.777* (115.985) | 226.894** (115.623) | |||
Currently employed (yes= 1) | 6,504.845*** (218.820) | 6,615.103*** (218.986) | |||
Retirement (yes = 1) | –5,143.453*** (407.785) | –5,230.073*** (406.947) | |||
2,457.494*** (736.343) | |||||
Migrant | 1,400.082** (563.753) | ||||
Constant | 23,747.39*** (2,721.452) | 22,502.46*** (2,773.622) | 20,790.11*** (2,904.484) | 23,285.62*** (3,013.113) | 21,465.60*** (3,015.384) |
Adjusted | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
Number of observations | 30,597 | 28,920 | 28,465 | 27,195 | 27,190 |
Categories | Position/sector | Nonagricultural | Agricultural | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Work ownership | Self-employed | 1,311 | 12,878 | 14,189 |
Employed by others | 4,433 | 7,799 | 12,232 | |
Work types | Agricultural | 540 | 11,207 | 11,747 |
Nonagricultural | 5,218 | 9,507 | 14,725 | |
Employer types | Government | 1,960 | 1,015 | 2,975 |
Private | 1,876 | 5,191 | 7,067 | |
Labor contract | Applicable | 4,226 | 6,331 | 10,557 |
conditions | Not applicable | 4,727 | 16,934 | 21,661 |