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Detection of insulation degradation by-products in transformer oil using ZnO coated IDC sensor

Shaheen Parveen
Shaheen Parveen
, 
Obaidur Rahman
Obaidur Rahman
, 
M. Ajmal Khan
M. Ajmal Khan
, 
Javid Ali
Javid Ali
, 
Shabana Mahfuz
Shabana Mahfuz
, 
Tarikul Islam
Tarikul Islam
 oraz 
Shakeb A Khan
Shakeb A Khan
   | 27 lut 2024
International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems's Cover Image
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Article Category: Article
Data publikacji: 27 lut 2024
Zakres stron: -
Otrzymano: 10 sie 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijssis-2024-0007
Słowa kluczowe
© 2024 Shaheen Parveen et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1:

(a) IDC 1-1-1 sensor structure, (b) IDC 1-3-1 sensor structure. IDC, inter-digital capacitive.
(a) IDC 1-1-1 sensor structure, (b) IDC 1-3-1 sensor structure. IDC, inter-digital capacitive.

Figure 2:

Electric field distribution for (a) 1-1-1 SS, (b) 1-1-1 SSWS, (c) 1-1-1 DS, (d) 1-3-1 SS, (e) 1-3-1 SSWS and (f) 1-3-1 DS IDC sensors.
Electric field distribution for (a) 1-1-1 SS, (b) 1-1-1 SSWS, (c) 1-1-1 DS, (d) 1-3-1 SS, (e) 1-3-1 SSWS and (f) 1-3-1 DS IDC sensors.

Figure 3:

Equivalent circuit (a) 1-1-1 IDC structure, (b) 1-3-1 IDC structure. IDC, inter digital capacitive.
Equivalent circuit (a) 1-1-1 IDC structure, (b) 1-3-1 IDC structure. IDC, inter digital capacitive.

Figure 4:

Sensor Fabrication procedure: (a) Dimension of PCB, (b) Print on photopaper, (c) Print on PCB after thermal press.
Sensor Fabrication procedure: (a) Dimension of PCB, (b) Print on photopaper, (c) Print on PCB after thermal press.

Figure 5:

Fabricated IDC sensor (a) 1-1-1 (b) 1-3-1. IDC, inter digital capacitive.
Fabricated IDC sensor (a) 1-1-1 (b) 1-3-1. IDC, inter digital capacitive.

Figure 6:

Experimental set up.
Experimental set up.

Figure 7:

Normalized sensor response for various structures of 1-1-1 with different concentrations (a) 2-FAL (b) Moisture. 2-FAL, 2-furfuraldehyde.
Normalized sensor response for various structures of 1-1-1 with different concentrations (a) 2-FAL (b) Moisture. 2-FAL, 2-furfuraldehyde.

Figure 8:

Normalized sensor response for various structures of 1-3-1 with different concentrations (a) 2-FAL (b) Moisture. 2-FAL, 2-furfuraldehyde.
Normalized sensor response for various structures of 1-3-1 with different concentrations (a) 2-FAL (b) Moisture. 2-FAL, 2-furfuraldehyde.

Figure 9:

Sensor response for 20 ppm moisture for (a) 1-1-1 structure (b) 1-3-1 structure.
Sensor response for 20 ppm moisture for (a) 1-1-1 structure (b) 1-3-1 structure.

Sensitivity of 1-3-1 configuration

IDT sensor Sensitivity
2-FAL (fF/ppm) Moisture (fF/ppm)
SS 36 28.2
SSWS 64 47.74
DS 92 70.6

Sensor calibration for 2-FAL in (1-3-1) structure

Structure type Linear fit equation Coefficient of determination (R2) Max error (%)
SS y = 0.0379x + 12.664 R2 = 0.9884 0.76
SSWS y = 0.0667x + 17.747 R2 = 0.9667 1.6
DS y = 0.0923x + 21.801 R2 = 0.9288 2.2

Sensor Calibration for moisture in (1-1-1) structure

Structure type Linear fit equation Coefficient of determination (R2) Max error (%)
SS y = 0.0269x + 16.545 R2 = 0.9606 0.83
SSWS y = 0.0527x + 25.817 R2 = 0.992 0.45
DS y = 0.0736x + 30.293 R2 = 0.9278 1.4

Sensitivity of 1-1-1 configuration

IDC Sensor Sensitivity
2-FAL (fF/ppm) Moisture (fF/ppm)
SS 40 29
SSWS 72 52
DS 96 72

Sensor calibration for 2-FAL in (1-1-1) structure

Structure type Linear fit equation Coefficient of determination (R2) Max error (%)
SS y = 0.0371x + 16.728 R2 = 0.9606 1.1
SSWS y = 0.073x + 26.066 R2 = 0.992 0.61

Comparison of developed sensor with similar sensors

Ref. This work [6], [7] [26] [14] [5] [15] [16]
Method IDC Cross capacitive Cross capacitive Thin film based MIP Thin film parallel plate Optical Optical
Remark Simple and exact Simple and exact Simple and exact Complex Simple Complex Complex
Usage Insulating oil degradation detection Insulating oil degradation detection Non-contact Microdroplet detection 2-FAL detection in transformer oil Detection of moisture in oil Detection of moisture in oil Detection of 2-FAL in transformer oil
Range 0–50 ppm 0–60 ppm ……… 0–20 ppm 0–90 ppm 0–5% 0–2 ppm
Relative humidity
Contactless Yes Yes Yes No No No No
Accuracy High, depends on sensor length High, depend on single length High, depend on single length Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Re-useable Many times Many times Many times Only 1 time Few time Few time Few time
Sensitivity 72 fF/ppm in moisture; 96 fF/ppm in 2-FAL 0.303fF/ppm in moisture, 0.59 fF/ppm in 2-FAL ………. 0.084 pF/ppm 6 pF/ppm ………. ……….

Sensor calibration for moisture in (1-3-1) structure

Structure type Linear fit equation Coefficient of determination (R2) Max error (%)
SS y = 0.0297x + 12.45 R2 = 0.9884 0.61
SSWS y = 0.0497x + 16.811 R2 = 0.9794 1.1
DS y = 0.0708x + 20.57 R2 = 0.9288 2.1
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