Otwarty dostęp

Food export restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: Real and potential effects on food security


Zacytuj

AgripolicyKit. (2019), retrieved from https://www.agripolicykit.net/en/instruments/export-ban [14th April 2022]. AgripolicyKit 2019 retrieved from https://www.agripolicykit.net/en/instruments/export-ban [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Anania, G. (2013), Agricultural Export Restrictions and the WTO. What Options do Policy-Makers Have for Promoting Food Security? ICTSD Issue Paper, No. 50. AnaniaG. 2013 Agricultural Export Restrictions and the WTO. What Options do Policy-Makers Have for Promoting Food Security? ICTSD Issue Paper No. 50. 10.7215/AP_IP_20131115 Search in Google Scholar

Anania, G. (2014), Export restrictions and food security, in: R. Méndelez-Ortiz, C. Bellman, J. Hepburn, (Eds), Tackling agriculture in the post-bali context. A collection of short essays, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 183–194. AnaniaG. 2014 Export restrictions and food security in: Méndelez-OrtizR. BellmanC. HepburnJ. (Eds), Tackling agriculture in the post-bali context. A collection of short essays International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Geneva, Switzerland 183 194 Search in Google Scholar

Anomaly, J. (2015), Public goods and government action, politics, Philosophy and Economics, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 109–128. AnomalyJ. 2015 Public goods and government action, politics Philosophy and Economics 14 2 109 128 10.1177/1470594X13505414 Search in Google Scholar

ATA. (2019), Cereals Export Restrictions in Ethiopia – A Review of Practice, Economic Costs and Benefits, retrieved from https://agra.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Cereals-Export-Restrictions-in-Ethiopia.pdf [14th April 2022]. ATA 2019 Cereals Export Restrictions in Ethiopia – A Review of Practice, Economic Costs and Benefits retrieved from https://agra.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Cereals-Export-Restrictions-in-Ethiopia.pdf [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Béné, C., Bakker, D., Chavarro, M.J., Even, B., Melo, J., Sonneveld, A. (2021), Global assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 on food security, Global Food Security, Vol. 31, p. 100575. BénéC. BakkerD. ChavarroM.J. EvenB. MeloJ. SonneveldA. 2021 Global assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 on food security Global Food Security 31 100575 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100575 Search in Google Scholar

Białowąs, T., Budzyńska, A. (2022), The importance of global value chains in developing countries, agricultural trade development, Sustainability, Vol. 14, p. 1389. BiałowąsT. BudzyńskaA. 2022 The importance of global value chains in developing countries, agricultural trade development Sustainability 14 1389 10.3390/su14031389 Search in Google Scholar

Casey, C.A., Cimino-Isaacs, C.D. (2021), Export Restrictions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Congressional Research Service, IF11551, retrieved from https://crsreports.congress.gov [14th April 2022]. CaseyC.A. Cimino-IsaacsC.D. 2021 Export Restrictions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Congressional Research Service IF11551, retrieved from https://crsreports.congress.gov [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Committee on World Food Security (CFS). (2014), Global Strategic Framework for Food Security & Nutrition (GSF), retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1314/GSF/GSF_Version_3_EN.pdf [1st January 2021]. Committee on World Food Security (CFS) 2014 Global Strategic Framework for Food Security & Nutrition (GSF) retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1314/GSF/GSF_Version_3_EN.pdf [1st January 2021]. Search in Google Scholar

Council of Europe. (2022), The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights [4th April 2022]. Council of Europe 2022 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/international-covenant-on-economic-social-and-cultural-rights [4th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Deuss, A. (2017), Impact of Agricultural Export Restrictions on Prices in Importing Countries, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 105, retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/1eeeb292-en [14th April 2022]. DeussA. 2017 Impact of Agricultural Export Restrictions on Prices in Importing Countries, OECD Food Agriculture and Fisheries Papers No. 105, retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/1eeeb292-en [14th April 2022]. 10.1787/1eeeb292-en Search in Google Scholar

DG Trade. (2016). Overview of Potentially Trade Restrictive Measures Identified between 2008 and end 2015, Report on the Monitoring of Potentially Trade-Restrictive Measures, retrieved from https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/may/tradoc_154568.pdf [14th April 2022]. DG Trade 2016 Overview of Potentially Trade Restrictive Measures Identified between 2008 and end 2015 Report on the Monitoring of Potentially Trade-Restrictive Measures, retrieved from https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/may/tradoc_154568.pdf [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Dobrowolski, H., Włodarek, D. (2021), Body mass, physical activity and eating habits changes during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Poland, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 18, No. 11, p. 5682. DobrowolskiH. WłodarekD. 2021 Body mass, physical activity and eating habits changes during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Poland International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 11 5682 10.3390/ijerph18115682 Search in Google Scholar

E.I.T. Food. (2020), COVID-19 Impact on Consumer Food Behaviours in Europe, retrieved from https://www.eitfood.eu/media/news-pdf/COVID-19_Study_-_European_Food_Behaviours_-_Report.pdf [29th November 2021]. E.I.T. Food 2020 COVID-19 Impact on Consumer Food Behaviours in Europe retrieved from https://www.eitfood.eu/media/news-pdf/COVID-19_Study_-_European_Food_Behaviours_-_Report.pdf [29th November 2021]. Search in Google Scholar

Economic Impact (EI). (2022), Global Food Security Index, retrieved from https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/ [14th April 2022]. Economic Impact (EI) 2022 Global Food Security Index retrieved from https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/ [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Erokhin, V., Gao, T. (2020), Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic aspects of food security: evidence from 45 developing countries, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, No. 16, p. 5775. ErokhinV. GaoT. 2020 Impacts of COVID-19 on trade and economic aspects of food security: evidence from 45 developing countries International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 16 5775 10.3390/ijerph17165775 Search in Google Scholar

Espitia, A., Mattoo, A., Rocha, N., Ruta, M. Winkler, D. (2021), Pandemic trade: COVID-19, remote work and global value chains, The World Economy, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 561–589. EspitiaA. MattooA. RochaN. RutaM. WinklerD. 2021 Pandemic trade: COVID-19, remote work and global value chains The World Economy 45 2 561 589 10.1596/1813-9450-9508 Search in Google Scholar

Falkendal, T., Otto, C., Schewe, J., Jägermeyr, J., Konar, M., Matti Kummu, M., Ben Watkins, B., Puma, M.J. (2021), Grain export restrictions during COVID-19 risk food insecurity in many low- and middle-income countries, Nature Food, Vol. 2, pp. 11–14. FalkendalT. OttoC. ScheweJ. JägermeyrJ. KonarM. Matti KummuM. Ben WatkinsB. PumaM.J. 2021 Grain export restrictions during COVID-19 risk food insecurity in many low- and middle-income countries Nature Food 2 11 14 10.1038/s43016-020-00211-7 Search in Google Scholar

FAO. (2021a), FAO's Response to COVID-19: Building to Transform, retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/ng635en/ng635en.pdf [30th November 2021]. FAO 2021a FAO's Response to COVID-19: Building to Transform retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/ng635en/ng635en.pdf [30th November 2021]. Search in Google Scholar

FAO. (2021b), Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, Rome, Italy. FAO 2021b Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets Rome, Italy Search in Google Scholar

FAO. (2022), World Food Situation, retrieved from https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ [27th April 2022]. FAO 2022 World Food Situation retrieved from https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/en/ [27th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

FAO., IFAD., UNICEF., WFP., WHO. (2019), The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns, Rome, Italy. FAO., IFAD., UNICEF., WFP., WHO 2019 The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns Rome, Italy Search in Google Scholar

FAO., IFAD., UNICEF., WFP., WHO. (2021), The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all, Rome, Italy. FAO., IFAD., UNICEF., WFP., WHO 2021 The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021 Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all, Rome, Italy. Search in Google Scholar

FEWS NET Zambia. (2008a). Zambia Food Security Update, Report from October 2008, retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DF0A182AEAA880048525750D007BAD2D-Full_Report.pdf [14th April 2022]. FEWS NET Zambia 2008a Zambia Food Security Update Report from October 2008, retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DF0A182AEAA880048525750D007BAD2D-Full_Report.pdf [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

FEWS NET Zambia. (2008b). Zambia Food Security Update, retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FFF01DA4325AAA25C1257428004A1F94-Full_Report.pdf [14th April 2022]. FEWS NET Zambia 2008b Zambia Food Security Update retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/FFF01DA4325AAA25C1257428004A1F94-Full_Report.pdf [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Findlay, C., Kimura, F., Thangavelu, S. (2020), COVID-19 and the ‘Zoom’ to new Global Value Chains, East Asia Forum, retrieved from https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/04/05/covid-19-and-the-zoom-to-new-global-value-chains/ [14th April 2022]. FindlayC. KimuraF. ThangaveluS. 2020 COVID-19 and the ‘Zoom’ to new Global Value Chains East Asia Forum retrieved from https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/04/05/covid-19-and-the-zoom-to-new-global-value-chains/ [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

GATT. (1994), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, 1867 U.N.T.S. 187, 33 I.L.M. 1153 (1994) GATT 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Apr. 15, 1994 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization Annex 1A, 1867 U.N.T.S. 187, 33 I.L.M. 1153 (1994) Search in Google Scholar

Hepburn, J., Laborde, D., Parent, M., Smaller, C. (2020), COVID-19 and Food Export Restrictions: Comparing Today's Situation to the 2007–08 Price Spikes, International Institute for Sustainable Development, retrieved from https://www.iisd.org/publications/covid-19-food-export-restrictions [10th March 2022]. HepburnJ. LabordeD. ParentM. SmallerC. 2020 COVID-19 and Food Export Restrictions: Comparing Today's Situation to the 2007–08 Price Spikes International Institute for Sustainable Development, retrieved from https://www.iisd.org/publications/covid-19-food-export-restrictions [10th March 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Holcombe, R.G. (1997), A theory of the theory of public goods, The Review of Austrian Economics, Vol. 10, pp. 1–22. HolcombeR.G. 1997 A theory of the theory of public goods The Review of Austrian Economics 10 1 22 10.1007/BF02538141 Search in Google Scholar

Howse, R., Josling, T. (2012), Agricultural Export Restrictions and International Trade law: A Way Forward, International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council. HowseR. JoslingT. 2012 Agricultural Export Restrictions and International Trade law: A Way Forward International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council Search in Google Scholar

Karapinar, B. (2010), Export Restrictions on Natural Resources: Policy Options and Opportunities For Africa, Nccr Trade, retrieved from https://www.wti.org/media/filer_public/f8/7b/f87b3b8c-1865-402f-b8dd-60256732570c/trapca_paper_submitted1711_bk.pdf [14th April 2022]. KarapinarB. 2010 Export Restrictions on Natural Resources: Policy Options and Opportunities For Africa Nccr Trade retrieved from https://www.wti.org/media/filer_public/f8/7b/f87b3b8c-1865-402f-b8dd-60256732570c/trapca_paper_submitted1711_bk.pdf [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., Stern, M.A. (1999), Defining global public goods, in: I. Kaul, I. Grunberg, M.A. Stern, (Eds), Global public goods: international cooperation in the 21st century, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, pp. 2–19. KaulI. GrunbergI. SternM.A. 1999 Defining global public goods in: KaulI. GrunbergI. SternM.A. (Eds), Global public goods: international cooperation in the 21st century Oxford University Press New York & Oxford 2 19 10.1093/0195130529.003.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Kopiński, D. (2017), Koncepcja globalnych dóbr publicznych we współczesnych stosunkach międzynarodowych: od teorii do praktyki [The concept of global public goods in the contemporary international relations: from theory to practice], Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu [Research Papers of Wroclaw University of Economics and Business], Vol. 498, pp. 149–158. KopińskiD. 2017 Koncepcja globalnych dóbr publicznych we współczesnych stosunkach międzynarodowych: od teorii do praktyki [The concept of global public goods in the contemporary international relations: from theory to practice] Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu [Research Papers of Wroclaw University of Economics and Business] 498 149 158 10.15611/pn.2017.498.14 Search in Google Scholar

Korinek, J., Bartos, J. (2012), Multilateralising Regionalism: Disciplines on Export Restrictions in Regional Trade Agreements, OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 139. KorinekJ. BartosJ. 2012 Multilateralising Regionalism: Disciplines on Export Restrictions in Regional Trade Agreements OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 139. Search in Google Scholar

Kowalski, J., Kowalska, A. (2022), The realization of the human right to food: preliminary remarks on assessing food security, Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny [Law and Economics Review], Vol. 1, pp. 9–32. KowalskiJ. KowalskaA. 2022 The realization of the human right to food: preliminary remarks on assessing food security Przegląd Prawno-Ekonomiczny [Law and Economics Review] 1 9 32 10.31743/ppe.13009 Search in Google Scholar

Kym, A., Ivanic, M., Martin, W. (2013), Food Price Spikes, Price Insulation, and Poverty, Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank Development Research Group, Agriculture and Rural Development Group. KymA. IvanicM. MartinW. 2013 Food Price Spikes, Price Insulation, and Poverty Policy Research Working Paper World Bank Development Research Group, Agriculture and Rural Development Group Search in Google Scholar

Laborde, D., Estrades, C., Bouët, A. (2013), A global assessment of the economic effects of export taxes, The World Economy, Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 1333–1354. LabordeD. EstradesC. BouëtA. 2013 A global assessment of the economic effects of export taxes The World Economy 36 10 1333 1354 10.1111/twec.12072 Search in Google Scholar

Laborde, D., Mamun, A., Parent, M. (2020a), COVID-19 Food Trade Policy Tracker, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), retrieved from https://www.ifpri.org/project/covid-19-food-trade-policy-tracker [14th April 2022]. LabordeD. MamunA. ParentM. 2020a COVID-19 Food Trade Policy Tracker International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), retrieved from https://www.ifpri.org/project/covid-19-food-trade-policy-tracker [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Laborde, D., Martin, W., Swinnen, J., Vos, R. (2020b), COVID-19 risks to global food security, Science, Vol. 369, No. 6503, pp. 500–502. LabordeD. MartinW. SwinnenJ. VosR. 2020b COVID-19 risks to global food security Science 369 6503 500 502 10.1126/science.abc4765 Search in Google Scholar

Liapis, P. (2013), How Export Restrictive Measures Affect Trade of Agricultural Commodities, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 63, retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k43mktw305f-en [14th April 2022]. LiapisP. 2013 How Export Restrictive Measures Affect Trade of Agricultural Commodities, OECD Food Agriculture and Fisheries Papers No. 63, retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k43mktw305f-en [14th April 2022]. 10.1787/5k43mktw305f-en Search in Google Scholar

Maetz, M., Aguirre, M., Kim, S., Matinroshan, Y., Pangrazio, G., Pernechele, V. (2011), Food and Agricultural Policy Trends after the 2008 Food Security Crisis - Renewed Attention to Agricultural Development, FAO, retrieved from https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/fapda/docs/food_and_agric_policy_trends_2011.pdf [14th April 2022]. MaetzM. AguirreM. KimS. MatinroshanY. PangrazioG. PernecheleV. 2011 Food and Agricultural Policy Trends after the 2008 Food Security Crisis - Renewed Attention to Agricultural Development FAO, retrieved from https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/fapda/docs/food_and_agric_policy_trends_2011.pdf [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Manning, L. (2021), Safeguarding global supply chains during a pandemic, Nature Food, Vol. 2, p. 10. ManningL. 2021 Safeguarding global supply chains during a pandemic Nature Food 2 10 10.1038/s43016-020-00213-5 Search in Google Scholar

Meléndez-Ortiz, R., Bellmann, C., Hepburn, J. (2014), Tackling Agriculture in the Post-Bali Context, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, retrieved from www.ictsd.org [14th April 2022]. Meléndez-OrtizR. BellmannC. HepburnJ. 2014 Tackling Agriculture in the Post-Bali Context International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development retrieved from www.ictsd.org [14th April 2022]. 10.7215/AP_EB_20141127 Search in Google Scholar

Musgrave, R.A. (1959), The theory of public finance, McGraw-Hill, New York. MusgraveR.A. 1959 The theory of public finance McGraw-Hill New York Search in Google Scholar

OECD. (2020), The Face Mask Global Value Chain in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Evidence and Policy Lessons, Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-face-mask-global-value-chain-in-the-COVID-19-outbreak-evidence-and-policy-lessons-a4df866d/, [14th April 2022]. OECD 2020 The Face Mask Global Value Chain in the COVID-19 Outbreak: Evidence and Policy Lessons Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-face-mask-global-value-chain-in-the-COVID-19-outbreak-evidence-and-policy-lessons-a4df866d/, [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

OECD. (2021), Covid-19 and Food Systems: Short- and Long-Term Impacts, Agriculture and Fisheries Paper, No. 166, pp. 1–30, retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/69ed37bd-en.pdf?expires=1651211874&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=0B8A4EFCC74C91D8EC3DB62E5767640B [14th April 2022]. OECD 2021 Covid-19 and Food Systems: Short- and Long-Term Impacts Agriculture and Fisheries Paper No. 166, 1 30 retrieved from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/69ed37bd-en.pdf?expires=1651211874&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=0B8A4EFCC74C91D8EC3DB62E5767640B [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Oosterveer, P., Adjei, B.E., Vellema, S., Slingerland, M. (2014), Global sustainability standards and food security: exploring unintended effects of voluntary certification in palm oil, Global Food Security, Vol. 3, No. 3–4, pp. 220–226. OosterveerP. AdjeiB.E. VellemaS. SlingerlandM. 2014 Global sustainability standards and food security: exploring unintended effects of voluntary certification in palm oil Global Food Security 3 3–4 220 226 10.1016/j.gfs.2014.09.006 Search in Google Scholar

Ortiz-Hernández, L., Pérez-Sastré, M. (2020), Inequidades sociales en la progresión de la COVID-19 en población mexicana [Social inequities in the progression of COVID-19 in the Mexican population], Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, Vol. 44, p. e106. Ortiz-HernándezL. Pérez-SastréM. 2020 Inequidades sociales en la progresión de la COVID-19 en población mexicana [Social inequities in the progression of COVID-19 in the Mexican population] Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 44 e106 Search in Google Scholar

Ostrom, V., Ostrom, E. (1977), Public goods and public choices, in: E.S. Savas, (Ed), Alternatives for delivering public services: toward improved performance, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 7–49. OstromV. OstromE. 1977 Public goods and public choices in: SavasE.S. (Ed), Alternatives for delivering public services: toward improved performance Westview Press Boulder, CO 7 49 10.4324/9780429047978-2 Search in Google Scholar

Samuelson, P.A. (1954), The pure theory of public expenditure, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 387–389. SamuelsonP.A. 1954 The pure theory of public expenditure The Review of Economics and Statistics 36 4 387 389 10.2307/1925895 Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, R. (2011), Food Export Restrictions: Review of the 2007–2010 Experience and Considerations for Disciplining Restrictive Measures, FAO Commodity and Trade Policy Research Working Paper, No. 32. SharmaR. 2011 Food Export Restrictions: Review of the 2007–2010 Experience and Considerations for Disciplining Restrictive Measures FAO Commodity and Trade Policy Research Working Paper No. 32. Search in Google Scholar

Skrzypczyńska, J. (2015), Regional integration of the EU and the GATT/WTO principles, Yearbook of European Integration, No. 9, pp. 471–478. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2015.9.27, retrieved from http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_14746_rie_2015_9_27/c/6222-6253.pdf [14th April 2022]. SkrzypczyńskaJ. 2015 Regional integration of the EU and the GATT/WTO principles Yearbook of European Integration No. 9, 471 478 http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/rie.2015.9.27, retrieved from http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_14746_rie_2015_9_27/c/6222-6253.pdf [14th April 2022]. 10.14746/rie.2015.9.27 Search in Google Scholar

Statista. (2022), The Most Vulnerable Countries Amid Wheat Shortages, retrieved from https://www.statista.com/chart/27181/least-developed-countries-dependent-on-wheat-from-russia-ukraine/ [8th May 2022]. Statista 2022 The Most Vulnerable Countries Amid Wheat Shortages retrieved from https://www.statista.com/chart/27181/least-developed-countries-dependent-on-wheat-from-russia-ukraine/ [8th May 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Stockwell, S., Trott, M., Tully, M., Shin, J., Barnett, Y., Butler, L., McDermott, D., Schuch, F., Smith, L. (2021), Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review, BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, Vol. 7, p. e000960. StockwellS. TrottM. TullyM. ShinJ. BarnettY. ButlerL. McDermottD. SchuchF. SmithL. 2021 Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine 7 e000960 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960 Search in Google Scholar

Swinnen, J., McDermott, J. (2021), Covid-19 and global food security, EuroChoices, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 26–33. SwinnenJ. McDermottJ. 2021 Covid-19 and global food security EuroChoices 19 3 26 33 10.2499/p15738coll2.133762 Search in Google Scholar

The Global Goals. (2022), 2 Zero hunger, retrieved from https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/2-zero-hunger/ [4th April 2022]. The Global Goals 2022 2 Zero hunger retrieved from https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/2-zero-hunger/ [4th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

The Guardian. (2020), UK Organic Food and Drink Sales Boom During Lockdown, retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/03/uk-organic-food-and-drink-sales-boom-during-lockdown [26th June 2021]. The Guardian 2020 UK Organic Food and Drink Sales Boom During Lockdown retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/03/uk-organic-food-and-drink-sales-boom-during-lockdown [26th June 2021]. Search in Google Scholar

The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). (2022), Cereals, retrieved from https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/cereals [26th April 2022]. The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC) 2022 Cereals retrieved from https://oec.world/en/profile/hs92/cereals [26th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

The World Bank. (2022), GDP per Capita, PPP (current international $), retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD [6th April 2022]. The World Bank 2022 GDP per Capita, PPP (current international $) retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD [6th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Timmermann, C. (2018), Food security as a global public good, in: J.L. Vivero Pol, T. Ferrando, O. de Schutter, U. Mattei, (Eds), Routledge handbook of food as a commons, Routledge, Oxon & New York, pp. 85–99. TimmermannC. 2018 Food security as a global public good in: Vivero PolJ.L. FerrandoT. de SchutterO. MatteiU. (Eds), Routledge handbook of food as a commons Routledge Oxon & New York 85 99 10.4324/9781315161495-6 Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN OHCHR). (2010), Fact Sheet No. 34, The Right to Adequate Food, retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet34en.pdf [22nd December 2020]. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN OHCHR) 2010 Fact Sheet No. 34, The Right to Adequate Food retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet34en.pdf [22nd December 2020]. Search in Google Scholar

USAID. (2008), Tanzania NFRA's Role in Assuring Food Security, retrieved from https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00MBM5.pdf [14th April 2022]. USAID 2008 Tanzania NFRA's Role in Assuring Food Security retrieved from https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00MBM5.pdf [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

USDA. (2011), Commodity Intelligence Report, retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/apps/njlite/srex/njlite_download.php?id=6886 [14th April 2022]. USDA 2011 Commodity Intelligence Report retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/apps/njlite/srex/njlite_download.php?id=6886 [14th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Vos, R., Glauber, J., Hernández, M., Laborde, D. (2022), COVID-19 and Rising Global Food Prices: What's Really Happening? IFPRI Blog: Issue Post, retrieved from https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-and-rising-global-food-prices-whats-really-happening [5th April 2022]. VosR. GlauberJ. HernándezM. LabordeD. 2022 COVID-19 and Rising Global Food Prices: What's Really Happening? IFPRI Blog: Issue Post retrieved from https://www.ifpri.org/blog/covid-19-and-rising-global-food-prices-whats-really-happening [5th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

WFP. (2022), Food Security Implications of the Ukraine Conflict, retrieved from https://www.wfp.org/publications/food-security-implications-ukraine-conflict [6th May 2022]. WFP 2022 Food Security Implications of the Ukraine Conflict retrieved from https://www.wfp.org/publications/food-security-implications-ukraine-conflict [6th May 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

WHO. (2022), Double Burden of Malnutrition, retrieved from https://apps.who.int/nutrition/double-burden-malnutrition/en/index.html [4th April 2022]. WHO 2022 Double Burden of Malnutrition retrieved from https://apps.who.int/nutrition/double-burden-malnutrition/en/index.html [4th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Wiśniewska, M.Z., Wyrwa, J. (2022), Bezpieczeństwo żywności i żywnościowe w okresie pandemii. Ujęcie interdyscyplinarne [Food safety and food security over a pandemic period. Interdisciplinary approach], Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne, Zielona Góra. WiśniewskaM.Z. WyrwaJ. 2022 Bezpieczeństwo żywności i żywnościowe w okresie pandemii. Ujęcie interdyscyplinarne [Food safety and food security over a pandemic period. Interdisciplinary approach] Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne Zielona Góra Search in Google Scholar

Wojciechowska-Solis, J., Kowalska, A., Bieniek, M., Ratajczyk, M., Manning, L. (2022), Comparison of the purchasing behaviour of polish and united kingdom consumers in the organic food market during the COVID-19 pandemic, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 1137. Wojciechowska-SolisJ. KowalskaA. BieniekM. RatajczykM. ManningL. 2022 Comparison of the purchasing behaviour of polish and united kingdom consumers in the organic food market during the COVID-19 pandemic International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 3 1137 10.3390/ijerph19031137 Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2000a), Negotiating Proposal by Japan on WTO Agricultural Negotiations, G/AG/NG/W/91. WTO 2000a Negotiating Proposal by Japan on WTO Agricultural Negotiations G/AG/NG/W/91. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2000b), Proposal for Comprehensive Long-Term Agricultural Trade Reform Submission from the United States, G/AG/NG/W/15. WTO 2000b Proposal for Comprehensive Long-Term Agricultural Trade Reform Submission from the United States G/AG/NG/W/15. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2000c), WTO Negotiations on Agriculture, Cairns Group Negotiating Proposal, G/AG/NG/W/93. WTO 2000c WTO Negotiations on Agriculture, Cairns Group Negotiating Proposal G/AG/NG/W/93. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2000d), wto Negotiations on Agriculture, Proposal by Switzerland, G/AG/NG/W/94. WTO 2000d wto Negotiations on Agriculture, Proposal by Switzerland G/AG/NG/W/94. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2001a), Negotiating Proposals by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, G/AG/NG/W/135. WTO 2001a Negotiating Proposals by the Democratic Republic of the Congo G/AG/NG/W/135. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2001b), Proposal for WTO Negotiations on Agriculture Submitted by the Republic of Korea, G/AG/NG/W/98. WTO 2001b Proposal for WTO Negotiations on Agriculture Submitted by the Republic of Korea G/AG/NG/W/98. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2001c), WTO Agriculture Negotiations, Proposal by Jordan, G/AG/NG/W/140. WTO 2001c WTO Agriculture Negotiations, Proposal by Jordan G/AG/NG/W/140. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2008), Revised Draft Modalities for Agriculture, TN/AG/W/4/Rev.4. WTO 2008 Revised Draft Modalities for Agriculture TN/AG/W/4/Rev.4. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2015a), Trade Policy Review of Madagascar, WT/TPR/G/31. WTO 2015a Trade Policy Review of Madagascar WT/TPR/G/31. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2015b), Trade Policy Review of Malaysia, Document WT/TPR/S/225. WTO 2015b Trade Policy Review of Malaysia Document WT/TPR/S/225. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2018a), Impact of Export Prohibitions or Restrictions on Foodstuffs Purchased for Non-Commercial Humanitarian Purposes by the World Food Programme (WFP) Communication from Singapore, JOB/AG/148. WTO 2018a Impact of Export Prohibitions or Restrictions on Foodstuffs Purchased for Non-Commercial Humanitarian Purposes by the World Food Programme (WFP) Communication from Singapore JOB/AG/148. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2018b), Overview of Export Restrictions Communication from Japan; Israel; Korea, Republic of; Singapore; Switzerland and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, JOB/AG/149. WTO 2018b Overview of Export Restrictions Communication from Japan; Israel; Korea, Republic of; Singapore; Switzerland and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu JOB/AG/149. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2018c), Trade Policy Review of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, Document WT/TPR/S/362. WTO 2018c Trade Policy Review of the West African Economic and Monetary Union Document WT/TPR/S/362. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2019), Overview of Export Restrictive Measures – Analysis of Actual Cases Communication from Japan; Israel; Korea, Republic of; Switzerland and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, JOB/AG/156. WTO 2019 Overview of Export Restrictive Measures – Analysis of Actual Cases Communication from Japan; Israel; Korea, Republic of; Switzerland and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu JOB/AG/156. Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2021), Report on G20 Trade Measures, World Trade Organisation, 28 June 2021, p. 4. WTO 2021 Report on G20 Trade Measures World Trade Organisation, 28 June 2021, 4 Search in Google Scholar

WTO. (2022), Export restrictions and taxes, retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/negs_bkgrnd09_taxes_e.htm. [5th April 2022]. WTO 2022 Export restrictions and taxes retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/negs_bkgrnd09_taxes_e.htm. [5th April 2022]. Search in Google Scholar

Wynne, D., Ciuriak, D., Malkin, A., Ireland, D., Stanley, G., Wilson, C. (2020), Resilience under crisis. Proposals and considerations for regional and other trade agreements, Research Paper, Vol. 8199, pp. 6, retrieved from https://www.g20-insights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/42-Final-Team-David-Wynne-Canada.pdf [14th April 2022]. WynneD. CiuriakD. MalkinA. IrelandD. StanleyG. WilsonC. 2020 Resilience under crisis. Proposals and considerations for regional and other trade agreements Research Paper, Vol. 8199, pp. 6, retrieved from https://www.g20-insights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/42-Final-Team-David-Wynne-Canada.pdf [14th April 2022]. 10.2139/ssrn.3693119 Search in Google Scholar