This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Acs, Z. J., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, D. B. and Carlsson, B. (2009). ‘The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics 32: 1, 15–30, doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9157-3.AcsZ. J.BraunerhjelmP.AudretschD. B.CarlssonB.2009‘The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship321153010.1007/s11187-008-9157-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Ahl, H. and Nelson, T. (2014). ‘How policy positions women entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States’. Journal of Business Venturing 30: 2, 273–291, doi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.08.002AhlH.NelsonT.2014‘How policy positions women entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis of state discourse in Sweden and the United States’302273291doi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.08.00210.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.08.002Search in Google Scholar
Aidis, R. and Wetzels, C. (2007). Self-Employment and Parenthood: Exploring the Impact of Partners, Children and Gender (May 2007). IZA Discussion Paper No. 2813, doi: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/34233AidisR.WetzelsC.2007IZA Discussion Paper No. 2813, doi: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/3423310.2139/ssrn.995500Search in Google Scholar
Allen, W. and Curington, W. (2014). ‘The self-employment of men and women: What are their motivations?’ Journal of Labor Research 35: 143–16, doi: 10.1007/s12122-014-9176-6.AllenW.CuringtonW.2014‘The self-employment of men and women: What are their motivations?’351431610.1007/s12122-014-9176-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Andersson-Joona, P. (2016). ‘Are mothers of young children more likely to be self-employed? The case of Sweden’. Review of Economics of the Household 15: 1, 307–333, doi:10.1007/s11150-016-9349-6.Andersson-JoonaP.2016‘Are mothers of young children more likely to be self-employed? The case of Sweden’15130733310.1007/s11150-016-9349-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Association of Independent Professionals and Self-Employed IPSE (2017). ‘Exploring the Rise of Self-Employment in the Modern Economy: A guide to demographics and other trends in in the UK's self-employed workforce’. https://www.ipse.co.uk/static/uploaded/59868faa-841d-496dbba6891d417a7e94.pdf [accessed 12 March 2020]Association of Independent Professionals and Self-Employed IPSE2017https://www.ipse.co.uk/static/uploaded/59868faa-841d-496dbba6891d417a7e94.pdf [accessed 12 March 2020]Search in Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1965). ‘A theory of the allocation of time’. The Economic Journal 75: 299, 493–517, doi:10.2307/2228949.BeckerG. S.1965‘A theory of the allocation of time’7529949351710.2307/2228949Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1985). ‘Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor.’ Journal of Labor Economics 3: 1, 2. doi:10.1086/298075.BeckerG. S.1985‘Human capital, effort, and the sexual division of labor.’31210.1086/298075Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Blanchflower, D. G. (2001). ‘Latent entrepreneurship across nations’. European Economic Review 45: 4–6, 680–691, doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(01)00137-4.BlanchflowerD. G.2001‘Latent entrepreneurship across nations’454–668069110.1016/s0014-2921(01)00137-4Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Blanchflower, D. G. and Oswald, A. J. (1998). ‘What makes an entrepreneur?’. Journal of Labor Economics 16: 1, 26–60, doi:10.1086/209881.BlanchflowerD. G.OswaldA. J.1998‘What makes an entrepreneur?’161266010.1086/209881Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Block, J. H., O. Fisch, C. and van Praag, M. (2017). ‘The Schumpeterian entrepreneur: a review of the empirical evidence on the antecedents, behaviour and consequences of innovative entrepreneurship’, Industry and Innovation 24: 1, 61–95, doi: 10.1080/13662716.2016.1216397.BlockJ. H.O. FischC.van PraagM.2017‘The Schumpeterian entrepreneur: a review of the empirical evidence on the antecedents, behaviour and consequences of innovative entrepreneurship’241619510.1080/13662716.2016.1216397Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Boden, R. J. (1999). ‘Flexible working hours, family responsibilities, and female self-employment’. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58: 1, 71–83, doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03285.x.BodenR. J.1999‘Flexible working hours, family responsibilities, and female self-employment’581718310.1111/j.1536-7150.1999.tb03285.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bruce, D. (1999). ‘Do husbands matter? Married women entering self-employment’. Small Business Economics 13, 317–329, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008179214572BruceD.1999‘Do husbands matter? Married women entering self-employment’13317329https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100817921457210.1023/A:1008179214572Search in Google Scholar
Budig, M. J. (2006a). ‘Intersections on the road to self-employment: Gender, family and occupational class’. Social Forces 84: 4, 2223–2239, doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0082.BudigM. J.2006a‘Intersections on the road to self-employment: Gender, family and occupational class’8442223223910.1353/sof.2006.0082Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Budig, M. J. (2006b). ‘Gender, self-employment, and earnings: The interlocking structures of family and professional status’. Gender and Society 20: 6, 725–753, doi:10.1177/0891243206293232.BudigM. J.2006b‘Gender, self-employment, and earnings: The interlocking structures of family and professional status’20672575310.1177/0891243206293232Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Budig, M. J. (2010). ‘Changing contours of work: Jobs and opportunities in the new economy’. Journal of Family Theory and Review 2: 1, 94–96, doi:10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00042.x.BudigM. J.2010‘Changing contours of work: Jobs and opportunities in the new economy’21949610.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00042.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Burrows, R and Ford, J. ‘Self-Employment and Home Ownership after the Enterprise Culture’. Work, Employment and Society 12, 1:97–119, doi:10.1177/0950017098121005BurrowsRFordJ.‘Self-Employment and Home Ownership after the Enterprise Culture’1219711910.1177/0950017098121005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Caputo, R. K. and Dolinsky, A. (1998). ‘Women's choice to pursue self-employment: The role of financial and human capital of household members’. The Journal of Small Business Management 36: 3, 8–17. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1387 [accessed 20 January 2019]CaputoR. K.DolinskyA.1998‘Women's choice to pursue self-employment: The role of financial and human capital of household members’363817http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1387 [accessed 20 January 2019]Search in Google Scholar
Carr, D. (1994). ‘Two paths to self-employment? Women's and men's self-employment in the United States, 1980’. University of Wisconsin Working Paper No. 1994-05. https://cde.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/839/2019/01/cde-working-paper-1994-05.pdf [accessed 3 November 2020]CarrD.1994‘Two paths to self-employment? Women's and men's self-employment in the United States, 1980’https://cde.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/839/2019/01/cde-working-paper-1994-05.pdf [accessed 3 November 2020]10.4135/9781452229423.n7Search in Google Scholar
Chung, H. and van der Lippe, T. (2020). ‘Flexible working, work–life balance, and gender equality: Introduction’. Soc Indic Res 151, 365–381, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x.ChungH.van der LippeT.2020‘Flexible working, work–life balance, and gender equality: Introduction’151365381https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x10.1007/s11205-018-2025-xSearch in Google Scholar
Clark, K, Drinkwater, S (2010). ‘Recent trends in minority ethnic entrepreneurship in Britain’. International Small Business Journal 28(2): 136–146. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0266242609355831 [accessed 14 May 2020]ClarkKDrinkwaterS2010‘Recent trends in minority ethnic entrepreneurship in Britain’282136146https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0266242609355831 [accessed 14 May 2020]10.1177/0266242609355831Search in Google Scholar
Coen, W. and Schippers, Joop (Eds.) (2019). Self-employment as precarious work: A European Perspective. Edward Elgar. Amsterdam, NL.CoenW.SchippersJoop(Eds.)2019Edward ElgarAmsterdam, NL10.4337/9781788115032Search in Google Scholar
Collins, M. (2015). ‘Earnings and Low Pay in the Republic of Ireland’ NERI Working Paper 2015, No. 29. https://www.nerinstitute.net/research/earnings-and-low-pay-republic-ireland [accessed 12 March 2020]CollinsM.2015‘Earnings and Low Pay in the Republic of Ireland’2015, No. 29. https://www.nerinstitute.net/research/earnings-and-low-pay-republic-ireland [accessed 12 March 2020]Search in Google Scholar
Connelly, R. (1992). ‘Self-employment and providing child care’. Demography 29: 1, 17–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061360.ConnellyR.1992‘Self-employment and providing child care’2911729https://doi.org/10.2307/206136010.2307/2061360Search in Google Scholar
Cooke, C., Diamond, D., Hall, J., List, J. A. and Over, P. (2018). ‘The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers.’ Stanford Business Working Paper No. 3637, doi:10.3386/w24732.CookeC.DiamondD.HallJ.ListJ. A.OverP.2018‘The Gender Earnings Gap in the Gig Economy: Evidence from over a Million Rideshare Drivers.’363710.3386/w24732Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
CSO (2018). ‘Median Weekly Earnings/sectors with highest and lowest earnings’ https://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/earnings/structuralearnings/ [accessed 15 October 2019)CSO2018https://www.cso.ie/en/statistics/earnings/structuralearnings/ [accessed 15 October 2019)Search in Google Scholar
Dawson, C, Henley, A. (2012). ‘Push’ versus ‘pull’ entrepreneurship: an ambiguous distinction?’ International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 18: 6, 697–719., doi:10.1108/1355255121126813DawsonCHenleyA.2012‘Push’ versus ‘pull’ entrepreneurship: an ambiguous distinction?’18669771910.1108/1355255121126813Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dawson, C., Henley, A., and Latrielle, P. (2009). ‘Why do individuals choose self-employment?’ Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA) Paper No. 3974DawsonC.HenleyA.LatrielleP.2009‘Why do individuals choose self-employment?’Paper No. 397410.2139/ssrn.1336091Search in Google Scholar
Denning, L. (2020). ‘Is Self-Employment the New Way Forward for Women?’ Marie Claire March 5th 2020 https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/life/work/is-self-employment-the-way-forward-688348 [accessed 12 December 2020]DenningL.2020‘Is Self-Employment the New Way Forward for Women?’https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/life/work/is-self-employment-the-way-forward-688348 [accessed 12 December 2020]Search in Google Scholar
Department of Social Protection (2017). A review of the Back to Work Enterprise Allowance Scheme, https://www.welfare.ie/en/downloads/Review_of_BTWEA_Feb17.pdf. [accessed 10 October 2019]Department of Social Protection2017https://www.welfare.ie/en/downloads/Review_of_BTWEA_Feb17.pdf. [accessed 10 October 2019]Search in Google Scholar
Devine, T. J., (1994). ‘Characteristics of Self-Employed Women in the United States.’ PSU Monthly Labour Review, Mar. 1994.DevineT. J.1994‘Characteristics of Self-Employed Women in the United States.’Mar.1994Search in Google Scholar
Duggan, J, Sherman, U, Carbery, R, McDonnell, A. (2020). ‘Algorithmic management and appwork in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM’. Human Resource Management Journal. 2020; 30: 114–132, https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258DugganJShermanUCarberyRMcDonnellA.2020‘Algorithmic management and appwork in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM’202030114132https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.1225810.1111/1748-8583.12258Search in Google Scholar
Du Plessis, V. (2004). ‘Trends in non-Farm Self-employment Activity for Rural Women 1981–2001’. Agriculture and Rural Working Paper Series No. 21, 601Du PlessisV.2004‘Trends in non-Farm Self-employment Activity for Rural Women 1981–2001’No. 21, 601Search in Google Scholar
Enterprise Ireland (2015). ‘Entrepreneurship and self-Employment data for Ireland: Enterprise Ireland Female Entrepreneurship Strategy’, doi:10.1787/9789264226418Enterprise Ireland201510.1787/9789264226418Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
European Commission (1998). ‘The Labour Force Survey: Methods and Definitions’. EU Manuals & Guidelines. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5826049/CA-19-98-536-EN.PDF/d2d26586-5bdf-450d-9723-822c2353d11c?version=1.0 [accessed 3 August 2020]European Commission1998‘The Labour Force Survey: Methods and Definitions’https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5826049/CA-19-98-536-EN.PDF/d2d26586-5bdf-450d-9723-822c2353d11c?version=1.0 [accessed 3 August 2020]Search in Google Scholar
European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate General (2012). ‘European Network to Promote Women's Entrepreneurship’ Activity Report 2009–2010. https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/10386/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native [accessed 2 February 2019]European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate General2012‘European Network to Promote Women's Entrepreneurship’https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/10386/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native [accessed 2 February 2019]Search in Google Scholar
European Commission (2014). Statistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe, https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/7481/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native [accessed 15 November 2018]European Commission2014https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/7481/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native [accessed 15 November 2018]Search in Google Scholar
European Commission (2017). ‘Innovators of the Future: Bridging the Gender Gap’. Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 2018–2020. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-swfs_en.pdf [accessed 22 November 2020]European Commission2017‘Innovators of the Future: Bridging the Gender Gap’https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-swfs_en.pdf [accessed 22 November 2020]Search in Google Scholar
European Commission (2010). Strategy for Equality between Men and Women 2010–2015. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c58de824-e42a-48ce-8d36-a16f30ef701b/language-enEuropean Commission2010https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c58de824-e42a-48ce-8d36-a16f30ef701b/language-enSearch in Google Scholar
European Foundation for Living and Working Conditions (2013). ‘Self-employed or not self-employed? The Working Conditions of Economically Dependent Workers’ https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1366en.pdf [accessed 29 July 2018]European Foundation for Living and Working Conditions2013https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef1366en.pdf [accessed 29 July 2018]Search in Google Scholar
European Foundation for Living and Working Conditions (2017). ‘Aspects of Non-Standard Employment in Europe’, Dublin. Cornell University International Publications. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/customised-report/2017/aspects-of-non-standard-employment-in-europe [accessed 17 September 2019]European Foundation for Living and Working Conditions2017DublinCornell University International Publicationshttps://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/customised-report/2017/aspects-of-non-standard-employment-in-europe [accessed 17 September 2019]Search in Google Scholar
European Institute for Gender Equality (2014). ‘Gender equality and economic independence: part-time work and self-employment’ Report. Publications Office of the European Union 17 October 2014, doi: 10.2389/74174European Institute for Gender Equality2014‘Gender equality and economic independence: part-time work and self-employment’17October201410.2389/74174Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, P and O’Gorman, C. (2017). A Survey of Entrepreneurship in Ireland. Enterprise Ireland, 2017, https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/Publications/Reports-Published-Strategies/GEM-Reports/2017-Global-Entrepreneurship-Monitor-Report.pdf [accessed 30 April 2019]FitzsimmonsPO’GormanC.2017Enterprise Ireland2017https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/Publications/Reports-Published-Strategies/GEM-Reports/2017-Global-Entrepreneurship-Monitor-Report.pdf [accessed 30 April 2019]Search in Google Scholar
Fondeville, N., Erhan, O., Lelkes, O., and Ward, T. (2015). ‘Recent Changes in Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship Across the EU’. European Commission Research note no. 6/2015.FondevilleN.ErhanO.LelkesO.WardT.2015European Commission Research note no. 6/2015.Search in Google Scholar
Freedman, J. (2001). ‘Employed or Self-Employed? Tax Classification of Workers and the Changing Labour Market’. Institute for Fiscal Studies/Tax Law Review Committee UKFreedmanJ.2001Institute for Fiscal Studies/Tax Law Review Committee UKSearch in Google Scholar
Fudge, J. (2006). ‘Self-Employment, women and precarious work: the scope for labour protection’. In Fudge, J. and Owens, R. (Eds.) (2006). Precarious Work, Women, and the New Economy: The Challenge to Legal Norms, Hart Publishing, Oregon.FudgeJ.2006‘Self-Employment, women and precarious work: the scope for labour protection’InFudgeJ.OwensR.(Eds.)2006Hart PublishingOregonSearch in Google Scholar
Fuller, J., Raman, M., Bailey A. and Vaduganathan N. (2020). Building the on-demand workforce. Published by Harvard Business School and BCG, November https://www.hbs.edu/managing-the-future-of-work/Documents/Building_The_On_Demand_Workforce.pdf [accessed 2 February 2021]FullerJ.RamanM.BaileyA.VaduganathanN.2020Novemberhttps://www.hbs.edu/managing-the-future-of-work/Documents/Building_The_On_Demand_Workforce.pdf [accessed 2 February 2021]Search in Google Scholar
Georgellis, Y. and Wall, H. J. (2005). ‘Gender differences in self-employment’. International Review of Applied Economics, 19:3, 321–342, doi: 10.1080/02692170500119854GeorgellisY.WallH. J.2005‘Gender differences in self-employment’19332134210.1080/02692170500119854Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Greene, P. G. and Johnson, M. A. (1995). ‘Middleman minority theory: A theoretical consideration of self-employed women’. The National Journal of Sociology, 9: 59–84.GreeneP. G.JohnsonM. A.1995‘Middleman minority theory: A theoretical consideration of self-employed women’95984Search in Google Scholar
Gurley-Calvez, T. (2009). ‘Time-Use Patterns and Women Entrepreneurs.’ American Economic Review, 99: 2, 139–144, doi:10.1257/aer.99.2.139.Gurley-CalvezT.2009‘Time-Use Patterns and Women Entrepreneurs.’99213914410.1257/aer.99.2.139Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hakim, C. (2000). Lifestyle Choices of the 21st Century. Oxford University Press, OxfordHakimC.2000Oxford University PressOxford10.1093/oso/9780199242092.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Hatfield, I. (2015). ‘Self-Employment in Europe’. Institute for Public Policy Research, 2015, Self-Employment in Europe https://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/self-employment-Europe_Jan2015.pdf?noredirect=1 [accessed 14 May 2021]HatfieldI.2015Institute for Public Policy Research2015Self-Employment in Europehttps://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/self-employment-Europe_Jan2015.pdf?noredirect=1 [accessed 14 May 2021]Search in Google Scholar
Healy, J., Nicholson, D. and Pekarek, A. (2017). ‘Should we take the gig economy seriously?’ Labour & Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work, 27:3, 232–248, doi:10.1080/10301763.2017.1377048HealyJ.NicholsonD.PekarekA.2017‘Should we take the gig economy seriously?’27323224810.1080/10301763.2017.1377048Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Henley, A. (2015). ‘The Post-Crisis Growth in Self-Employment: Volunteers or Reluctant Recruits? IZA Discussion Paper No. 9232. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/114107 [accessed 25 July 2018]HenleyA.2015‘The Post-Crisis Growth in Self-Employment: Volunteers or Reluctant Recruits?http://hdl.handle.net/10419/114107 [accessed 25 July 2018]10.2139/ssrn.2655273Search in Google Scholar
Hessels, J., Arampatzi, E., van der Zwan, P., and Burger, M. (2018). Life satisfaction and self-employment in different types of occupations, Applied Economics Letters, 25:11, 734–740, doi: 10.1080/13504851.2017.1361003HesselsJ.ArampatziE.van der ZwanP.BurgerM.2018Life satisfaction and self-employment in different types of occupations251173474010.1080/13504851.2017.1361003Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hildebrand, V., and Williams, D. R. (2003). ‘Self-Employment and Caring for Children: Evidence from Europe’ IRISS Working Paper Series 2003-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00058.x [accessed 1 October 2019]HildebrandV.WilliamsD. R.2003IRISS Working Paper Series 2003-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00058.x [accessed 1 October 2019]10.1111/j.1540-6520.2004.00058.xSearch in Google Scholar
Hill, E. J., Martinson, V., and Ferris, M. (2004). ‘New-concept part-time employment as a work-family adaptive strategy for women professionals with small children’. Family Relations, 53: 282–292. doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.0004.xHillE. J.MartinsonV.FerrisM.2004‘New-concept part-time employment as a work-family adaptive strategy for women professionals with small children’5328229210.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.0004.xOpen DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hormans, J. and Marx, I. (2017). Poverty and Materials Deprivation Among the Self-Employed in Europe: An Exploration of a Relatively Unchartered Landscape. Ipswhich Working Paper 2. September 2017. http://ftp.iza.org/dp11007.pdf [accessed 13 August 2010]HormansJ.MarxI.2017Ipswhich Working Paper 2. September 2017. http://ftp.iza.org/dp11007.pdf [accessed 13 August 2010]10.2139/ssrn.3041803Search in Google Scholar
Hughes, K. D. (2006). ‘Exploring motivation and success among Canadian women entrepreneurs’. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 19: 2: 107–120, doi:10.1080/08276331.2006.10593362HughesK. D.2006‘Exploring motivation and success among Canadian women entrepreneurs’19210712010.1080/08276331.2006.10593362Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hundley, G. (2001). ‘Why women earn less than men in self-employment’. Journal of Labor Research, 22: 4: 817–829., doi:10.1007/s12122-001-1054-3HundleyG.2001‘Why women earn less than men in self-employment’22481782910.1007/s12122-001-1054-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Irish Congress of Trade Unions (2016). ‘Insecure and Uncertain’: Precarious Work in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Winter 2017. Available: https://www.ictu.ie/download/pdf/precarious_work_final_dec_2017.pdf [accessed 25 May 2019]Irish Congress of Trade Unions2016Winter2017Available: https://www.ictu.ie/download/pdf/precarious_work_final_dec_2017.pdf [accessed 25 May 2019]Search in Google Scholar
Irish Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (ISME) (2015). ‘Women Entrepreneurs, Women in Technology’. ISME Presentation to the Joint Committee on Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation 10th Feb 2015Irish Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (ISME)2015ISME Presentation to the Joint Committee on Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation 10th Feb 2015Search in Google Scholar
Jones, T., Mascarenhas-Keyes, S. and Ram, M (2012). ‘The ethnic entrepreneurial transition: recent trends in British Indian self-employment’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38: 1, 93–109, doi.10.1080/1369183X.2012.640020JonesT.Mascarenhas-KeyesS.RamM2012‘The ethnic entrepreneurial transition: recent trends in British Indian self-employment’3819310910.1080/1369183X.2012.640020Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Keogh, O. (2019). ‘Flexible Working: Why are Irish Companies so Resistant?’ Irish Times February 8th 2019 https://www.irishtimes.com/business/work/flexible-working-why-are-so-many-irish-companies-resistant-1.3778968 [accessed 22 November 2020]KeoghO.2019‘Flexible Working: Why are Irish Companies so Resistant?’February8th2019https://www.irishtimes.com/business/work/flexible-working-why-are-so-many-irish-companies-resistant-1.3778968 [accessed 22 November 2020]Search in Google Scholar
Krishnarao, B. (1961). ‘The descriptive method in social research’. Sociological Bulletin, 10: 2, 46–52, http://www.jstor.org/stable/42864589 [accessed 13 June 2020]KrishnaraoB.1961‘The descriptive method in social research’1024652http://www.jstor.org/stable/42864589 [accessed 13 June 2020]10.1177/0038022919610204Search in Google Scholar
Metcalf, H. and Rolfe, H. (2009). ‘Employment and Earnings in the Financial Sector: A gender analysis’ National Institute for Economic and Social Research (UK) Spring 2009. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/research_report_17_employment_and_earnings_in_finance_sector_gender_analyis.pdf [accessed 12 July 2019]MetcalfH.RolfeH.2009National Institute for Economic and Social Research (UK) Spring2009https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/research_report_17_employment_and_earnings_in_finance_sector_gender_analyis.pdf [accessed 12 July 2019]Search in Google Scholar
McGinnity, F. and Russell, H. (2008). Gender Inequalities in Time Use: The Distribution of Caring, Housework and Employment Among Women and Men in Ireland. Dublin: Equality Authority/ESRI. https://www.ihrec.ie/app/uploads/2014/11/gender_inequalities_in_time_use.pdf [accessed 28 June 2019]McGinnityF.RussellH.2008DublinEquality Authority/ESRIhttps://www.ihrec.ie/app/uploads/2014/11/gender_inequalities_in_time_use.pdf [accessed 28 June 2019]Search in Google Scholar
McGinnity, F. and Whelan, C. T. (2009). ‘Reconciling work and family life: Evidence from the European Social Survey’. Editorial essay in a special issue of Social Indicators Research, 93: 3, 433–445McGinnityF.WhelanC. T.2009‘Reconciling work and family life: Evidence from the European Social Survey’93343344510.1007/s11205-008-9437-ySearch in Google Scholar
McGinnity, F., Murray, A., and McNally, S. (2013). ‘Mothers Return to Work and Childcare Choices for Infants in Ireland, From the Growing Up In Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children’. July 2013. https://www.growingup.ie/pubs/BKMNEXT238.pdf [accessed 12 March 2020]McGinnityF.MurrayA.McNallyS.2013July2013https://www.growingup.ie/pubs/BKMNEXT238.pdf [accessed 12 March 2020]Search in Google Scholar
McKinsey Global Institute (2015). ‘A Labour Market that Works: Connecting Talent with Opportunity in the Digital Age’, June 2015. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Employment%20and%20Growth/Connecting%20talent%20with%20opportunity%20in%20the%20digital%20age/MGI_Online_talent_A_labor_market_that_works_Full_report_June_2015.pdf [accessed 12 March 2020]McKinsey Global Institute2015June2015https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Employment%20and%20Growth/Connecting%20talent%20with%20opportunity%20in%20the%20digital%20age/MGI_Online_talent_A_labor_market_that_works_Full_report_June_2015.pdf [accessed 12 March 2020]Search in Google Scholar
McManus, P. A. (2001). ‘Women's participation in self-employment in western industrialised nations’. International Journal or Sociology, 31: 2, 70–97, doi: 10.1080/15579336.2001.11770229McManusP. A.2001‘Women's participation in self-employment in western industrialised nations’312709710.1080/15579336.2001.11770229Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lawter, L. (2016). ‘The glass cage: The gender pay gap and self-employment in the United States’. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 19: 1, 24–39, doi:10.1108/neje-19-01-2016-b002LawterL.2016‘The glass cage: The gender pay gap and self-employment in the United States’191243910.1108/neje-19-01-2016-b002Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Leighton, P, and Brown, D. (2016). ‘Future Working: The Rise of Europe's Independent Professionals’. European Forum of Independent Professionals, www.efip.org/sites/default/files/Future_Working_Full_Report.pdf [accessed 29 October 2019]LeightonPBrownD.2016European Forum of Independent Professionalswww.efip.org/sites/default/files/Future_Working_Full_Report.pdf [accessed 29 October 2019]Search in Google Scholar
Loftus, C. (2009). Who Cares? Challenging the Myths around Gender and Care in Ireland. National Women's Council of Ireland (NCWI), https://www.nwci.ie/download/pdf/who_cares_october_2009.pdf [accessed 23 April 2019]LoftusC.2009National Women's Council of Ireland (NCWI)https://www.nwci.ie/download/pdf/who_cares_october_2009.pdf [accessed 23 April 2019]Search in Google Scholar
OECD (2016). ‘Walking the tightrope: Background brief on parents’ work-life balance across the stages of childhood’ OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. https://www.oecd.org/social/family/Background-brief-parents-work-life-balance-stages-childhood.pdf [accessed 16 May 2021]OECD2016OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairshttps://www.oecd.org/social/family/Background-brief-parents-work-life-balance-stages-childhood.pdf
[accessed 16 May 2021]Search in Google Scholar
OECD (2019). ‘Gender differences in Employment Outcomes’ OECD Social Policy Division. 30 June 2019. https://www.oecd.org/els/LMF_1_6_Gender_differences_in_employment_outcomes.pdf [accessed 14 May 2021]OECD2019OECD Social Policy Division30June2019https://www.oecd.org/els/LMF_1_6_Gender_differences_in_employment_outcomes.pdf [accessed 14 May 2021]Search in Google Scholar
OECD/European Union (2019). The Missing Entrepreneurs 2019: Policies for Inclusive Entrepreneurship, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/3ed84801-en. [accessed 12 March 2020]OECD/European Union2019OECD PublishingParishttps://doi.org/10.1787/3ed84801-en. [accessed 12 March 2020]10.1787/3ed84801-enSearch in Google Scholar
O’Callaghan H. (2014). ‘Mums who can juggle running their own business with family life’. Irish Examiner, 14 Mar. 2014, Available: www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/mums-who-can-juggle-running-their-own-business-with-family-life-318097.html. [accessed 16 August 2020]O’CallaghanH.2014‘Mums who can juggle running their own business with family life’14Mar.2014Available: www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/mums-who-can-juggle-running-their-own-business-with-family-life-318097.html. [accessed 16 August 2020]Search in Google Scholar
O’Connor, J. (2012). ‘Entrepreneurship education: Ireland's solution to economic regeneration?’ Industry and Higher Education 26: 3, 241–249, doi:10.5367/ihe.2012.0097O’ConnorJ.2012‘Entrepreneurship education: Ireland's solution to economic regeneration?’26324124910.5367/ihe.2012.0097Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Owens, R. and Fudge, J. (2006). Precarious Work, Women, and the New Economy: The Challenge to Legal Norms. Hart Publishing Ltd, OxfordOwensR.FudgeJ.2006Hart Publishing LtdOxfordSearch in Google Scholar
Patrick, C. E., Stephens, H. M. and Weinstein, A. (2016). ‘Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions’. Small Business Economics, 46: 3, 365–390, doi:10.1007/s11187-015-9697-2PatrickC. E.StephensH. M.WeinsteinA.2016‘Where are all the self-employed women? Push and pull factors influencing female labor market decisions’46336539010.1007/s11187-015-9697-2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Pembroke, S. (2018). ‘Precarious work precarious lives: how policy can create more security’. TASC/European Parliament/Foundation for Progressive Studies, Report Nov. 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.35939/studiesirishrev.108.432.0446 [accessed 30 May 2019]PembrokeS.2018‘Precarious work precarious lives: how policy can create more security’Nov.2018https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.35939/studiesirishrev.108.432.0446 [accessed 30 May 2019]Search in Google Scholar
Polachek, S. and Siebert, W. (1993). ‘Gender in the labour market’ in Polachek and Siebert (eds) The Economics of Earnings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511522062.008PolachekS.SiebertW.1993‘Gender in the labour market’inPolachekSiebert(eds)CambridgeCambridge University Press10.1017/CBO9780511522062.008Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Polachek, S. W. (2004). ‘How the Human Capital Model Explains Why the Gender Wage Gap Narrowed.’ IZA Discussion Paper, 112, Apr.PolachekS. W.2004‘How the Human Capital Model Explains Why the Gender Wage Gap Narrowed.’112, Apr.10.2139/ssrn.527142Search in Google Scholar
Quinlan, A. (2014). ‘Mothers of invention mind their own business’. Irish Examiner, 19th May. Available: https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/mothers-of-invention-mind-their-own-business-269085.html [accessed 15 August 2018]QuinlanA.2014‘Mothers of invention mind their own business’19thMayAvailable: https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/mothers-of-invention-mind-their-own-business-269085.html [accessed 15 August 2018]Search in Google Scholar
Wellington, A. J. (2006). ‘Self-Employment: the new solution for balancing family and career?’ Labour Economics, 13: 3, 357–386, doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2004.10.005WellingtonA. J.2006‘Self-Employment: the new solution for balancing family and career?’13335738610.1016/j.labeco.2004.10.005Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Semykina, A. (2018). ‘Self-employment among women: Do children matter more than we previously thought?’ Journal of Applied Economics. 33, 416–434, https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2596SemykinaA.2018‘Self-employment among women: Do children matter more than we previously thought?’33416434https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.259610.1002/jae.2596Search in Google Scholar
Spasova, S. and Wilkens, M. (2018). The social situation of the self-employed in Europe: labour market issues and social protection. European Social Observatory. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/Chapter%205_9.pdf [accessed 15 June 2019]SpasovaS.WilkensM.2018The social situation of the self-employed in Europe: labour market issues and social protectionhttps://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/Chapter%205_9.pdf [accessed 15 June 2019]Search in Google Scholar
Staniland, M. (2018). ‘What will be the biggest challenges facing Irish employers in 2019?’ Hays Recruitment Jobs and Employment Blog. https://www.hays.ie/blog/insights/what-does-the-employment-landscape-look-like-in-2020-how-to-prepare-your-organisation-for-what-s-on-the-horizon- [accessed 14 May 2021]StanilandM.2018‘What will be the biggest challenges facing Irish employers in 2019?’https://www.hays.ie/blog/insights/what-does-the-employment-landscape-look-like-in-2020-how-to-prepare-your-organisation-for-what-s-on-the-horizon- [accessed 14 May 2021]Search in Google Scholar
Sullivan, C. (2000). ‘Space and the Intersection of Work and Family in Homeworking Households’. Community, Work & Family. 3, 185–204, doi:10.1080/713658903SullivanC.2000‘Space and the Intersection of Work and Family in Homeworking Households’318520410.1080/713658903Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sullivan, C. and Lewis, S. (2001). ‘Home-based telework, gender, and the synchronization of work and family: Perspectives of teleworkers and their co-residents’. Gender, Work & Organization, 8: 2, 123–145SullivanC.LewisS.2001‘Home-based telework, gender, and the synchronization of work and family: Perspectives of teleworkers and their co-residents’8212314510.1111/1468-0432.00125Search in Google Scholar
Sutherland W. Jarrahi, M. H., Dunn M. and Nelson, S. B. (2020). ‘Work precarity and gig literacies in online freelancing’. Work, Employment and Society, 34: 3, 457–475, doi:10.1177/0950017019886511SutherlandW.JarrahiM. H.DunnM.NelsonS. B.2020‘Work precarity and gig literacies in online freelancing’34345747510.1177/0950017019886511Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
TCD Business School (2021). ‘Irish Study to Assess Independent Contracting and Project-Based Working’ TCD News and Events, 2nd Feb., https://www.tcd.ie/business/news-events/freelancers-survey.php [accessed 19 February 2021]TCD Business School2021TCD News and Events2ndFeb.https://www.tcd.ie/business/news-events/freelancers-survey.php [accessed 19 February 2021]Search in Google Scholar
Van Stel, A. and van der Zwan, P. (2019). ‘Analyzing the changing education distributions of solo self-employed workers and employer entrepreneurs in Europe’. Small Business Economics. 55, 429–445, doi10.1007/s11187-019-00243-9Van StelA.van der ZwanP.2019‘Analyzing the changing education distributions of solo self-employed workers and employer entrepreneurs in Europe’5542944510.1007/s11187-019-00243-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vosko, L. F., and Zukewich, N. (2006). ‘Precarious by Choice? Gender and Self-Employment’. Precarious Employment Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, McGill-Queens University Press. TorontoVoskoL. F.ZukewichN.2006‘Precarious by Choice? Gender and Self-Employment’McGill-Queens University PressToronto10.1515/9780773585195-004Search in Google Scholar
Wayman, S. (2016). ‘It's a shame parents have to be out of the house for 10 hours straight’. Irish Times, October 11th 2016. https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/parenting/it-s-a-shame-parents-have-to-be-out-of-the-house-10-hours-straight-1.2810571 [accessed 12 March 2020]WaymanS.2016‘It's a shame parents have to be out of the house for 10 hours straight’October11th2016https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/parenting/it-s-a-shame-parents-have-to-be-out-of-the-house-10-hours-straight-1.2810571 [accessed 12 March 2020]Search in Google Scholar
Wayman, S. (2018). ‘Getting into or staying in the workplace can be precarious for a lone parent’. Irish Times, July 24th 2018 https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/getting-into-or-staying-in-the-workplace-can-be-precarious-fora-lone-parent-1.3566787. [accessed 19 January 2021]WaymanS.2018‘Getting into or staying in the workplace can be precarious for a lone parent’July24th2018https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/getting-into-or-staying-in-the-workplace-can-be-precarious-fora-lone-parent-1.3566787. [accessed 19 January 2021]Search in Google Scholar
Wilson, L. (2017). ‘Patterns and trends in standard and non-standard employment arrangements in Northern Ireland’, Working Paper No 45, Dublin: NERIWilsonL.2017Working Paper No 45,DublinNERISearch in Google Scholar
Young, M. (2010). ‘Gender differences in precarious work settings’. Industrial Relations 65: 1, 74–79YoungM.2010‘Gender differences in precarious work settings’651747910.7202/039528arSearch in Google Scholar