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IP Addresses through 2022: This article is reproduced from “The ISP Column-A monthly column on things Internet” of Geoff Huston's Blog

Geoff Huston
Geoff Huston
   | 16 sie 2023
International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls's Cover Image
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Data publikacji: 16 sie 2023
Zakres stron: 27 - 45
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ijanmc-2023-0054
© 2023 Geoff Huston, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

IPv4 Address Allocations by RIR by year
IPv4 Address Allocations by RIR by year

Figure 2.

IPv4 Allocations by RIR by year
IPv4 Allocations by RIR by year

Figure 3.

Number of Transfers: 2012 – 2022
Number of Transfers: 2012 – 2022

Figure 4.

Volume of Transferred Addresses: 2012 – 2022
Volume of Transferred Addresses: 2012 – 2022

Figure 5.

IPv4 Unadvertised Address Pool Size
IPv4 Unadvertised Address Pool Size

Figure 6.

IPv4 Address Pools 2000 – 2022 & IPv4 Address Pool changes through 2021
IPv4 Address Pools 2000 – 2022 & IPv4 Address Pool changes through 2021

Figure 7.

Ratio of Unadvertised Pool Size to Total Pool Size
Ratio of Unadvertised Pool Size to Total Pool Size

Figure 8.

IPv4 Price Time Series (data from Hilco Streambank)
IPv4 Price Time Series (data from Hilco Streambank)

Figure 9.

Age distribution of transferred addresses
Age distribution of transferred addresses

Figure 10.

Age distribution of transfer transactions
Age distribution of transfer transactions

Figure 11.

Changes to the BGP routing table across 2022 by Address Prefix Age
Changes to the BGP routing table across 2022 by Address Prefix Age

Figure 12.

Number of IPv6 Allocations per year
Number of IPv6 Allocations per year

Figure 13.

Volume of IPv6 Allocations per year
Volume of IPv6 Allocations per year

Figure 14.

Allocated, Unadvertised and Advertised IPv6 addresses
Allocated, Unadvertised and Advertised IPv6 addresses

Figure 15.

Advertised IPv6 Addresses as a percentage of the Allocated Address Pool
Advertised IPv6 Addresses as a percentage of the Allocated Address Pool

Figure 16.

IPv6 Deployment measurement 2010 – 2021
IPv6 Deployment measurement 2010 – 2021

Figure 17.

IPv6 Deployment measurement - December 2022
IPv6 Deployment measurement - December 2022

IPv4 Allocated addresses by year

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Address Span (Billions) 3.227 3.395 3.483 3.537 3.593 3.624 3.643 3.657 3.657 3.682 3.684 3.685 3.687
Annual Change (Millions) 241.7 168.0 88.4 53.9 55.9 30.6 19.4 13.2 0.6 24.9 2.2 1.1 1.6
Relative Growth 8.1% 5.2% 2.6% 1.5% 1.6% 0.85% 0.53% 0.36% 0.02% 0.68% 0.06% 0.03% 0.04%

IPv4 Allocated Address Pools ranked by per-Capita holdings

Rank CC IPv4 Pool % Total Per-Capita Economy
1 SC 7,245,056 0.2% 67.64 Seychelles
2 VA 10,752 0.0% 21.08 Holy See
3 GI 253,440 0.0% 7.76 Gibraltar
4 US 1,617,753,952 43.9% 4.78 United States of America
5 SG 25,385,216 0.7% 4.24 Singapore
6 MU 4,777,216 0.1% 3.68 Mauritius
7 CH 26,730,744 0.7% 3.05 Switzerland
8 VG 90,880 0.0% 2.90 British Virgin Islands
9 NO 15,606,032 0.4% 2.87 Norway
10 SE 30,082,280 0.8% 2.85 Sweden
- XA 3,686,521,896 100.0% 0.46 World

IPv4 Available and Reserved Pools December 2022

Available Reserved
RIR 2020 2021 2022 2020 2021 2022
APNIC 4,003,072 3,533,056 2,503,424 2,483,968 1,787,904 151,472
RIPE NCC 328,448 - - 965,728 762,104 737,496
ARIN 4,352 4,608 8,448 5,509,888 5,244,160 5,311,488
LACNIC - 7,168 1,024 266,240 224,768 148,480
AFRINIC 1,925,888 1,652,480 1,920,256 2,853,888 4,065,024 4,104,960
TOTAL 6,261,760 5,197,312 4,433,152 12,079,712 12,083,960 10,453,896

Top 10 Countries Receiving Transferred IPv4 addresses in 2021

Rank CC Addresses Destination Economy
1 FR 16,553,472 France
2 GB 4,987,392 United Kingdom
3 US 3,600,384 USA
4 DE 3,447,360 Germany
5 SE 2,431,232 Sweden
6 RU 1,797,376 Russia
7 SG 1,209,600 Singapore
8 BE 1,057,024 Belgium
9 JP 582,656 Japan

Routing changes across 2022 compared to the Transfer Log Entries for 2021 – 2022

Type Listed Unlisted Ratio
Re-Homed
All 1,294 21,806 5.6%
Root Prefixes 1,063 13,473 7.3%
Removed
All 2,384 75,025 3.1%
Root Prefixes 1,594 26,446 5.7%
Added
All 3,714 108,946 3.3%
Root Prefixes 2,647 43,267 5.8%

IPv4 Address Transfers per year

Recieving RIR 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
APNIC 159 185 302 451 841 834 487 528 781 786 650
RIPE NCC 10 171 1,054 2,836 2,373 2,451 3,774 4,221 4,696 5,743 4,410
ARIN 3 22 26 26 68 94 150 122
LACNIC 2 3 9 15
AFRINIC 17 27 26 80 54
Total 169 356 1,356 3,290 3,236 3,311 4,306 4,844 5,600 6,768 5,251

IPv6 Address Allocation Volumes by Year by Economy (/32s)

Rank 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 China 17,647 China 6,787 China 6,765 China 5,424 USA 13,919
2 Russia 4,675 USA 5,510 USA 5,051 Russia 4,409 China 4,354
3 Germany 1,932 Russia 3,716 Brazil 1,358 India 4,281 Russia 925
4 UK 1,209 Germany 2,522 Netherlands 1,331 Netherlands 3,390 UK 734
5 Singapore 1,055 Netherlands 2,516 Germany 716 UK 2,249 Germany 706
6 Netherlands 1,025 UK 1,355 Russia 715 Germany 896 Moldova 456
7 Brazil 1,007 France 1,182 UK 552 Ukraine 651 France 404
8 USA 874 Italy 1,052 Italy 391 Lithuania 633 Netherlands 397
9 Spain 851 Brazil 1,049 France 390 Brazil 502 Italy 363
10 France 722 Spain 854 Turkey 290 USA 491 Brazil 328

IPv6 Allocated Address pools per National Economy – December 2022

Rank CC Allocated (/48s) % Total /48s p.c. Advertised /48s Deployment Name
1 US 4,711,773,641 19.3% 13.9 1,360,009,679 13.2% USA
2 CN 4,218,814,563 17.3% 3.0 1,697,013,310 16.5% China
3 DE 1,535,836,883 6.3% 18.4 1,053,057,966 10.2% Germany
4 GB 1,498,022,128 6.1% 22.1 472,013,191 4.6% UK
5 RU 1,115,226,419 4.6% 7.7 223,745,017 2.2% Russia
6 FR 971,780,506 4.0% 15.0 174,722,243 1.7% France
7 NL 829,817,132 3.4% 47.2 359,311,107 3.5% Netherlands
8 IT 669,650,985 2.7% 11.4 418,702,711 4.1% Italy
9 JP 664,477,902 2.7% 5.4 508,779,422 4.9% Japan
10 AU 621,544,682 2.5% 23.6 311,060,736 3.0% Australia
11 BR 544,695,204 2.2% 2.5 392,640,662 3.8% Brazil
12 SE 453,247,324 1.9% 42.8 356,204,225 3.5% Sweden
13 IN 430,900,264 1.8% 0.3 360,281,569 3.5% India
14 ES 399,048,743 1.6% 8.4 98,712,690 1.0% Spain
15 PL 396,230,899 1.6% 9.8 222,331,434 2.2% Poland
16 AR 351,799,399 1.4% 7.7 284,283,185 2.8% Argentina
17 KR 345,636,875 1.4% 6.7 4,518,648 0.0% Korea
18 ZA 320,345,258 1.3% 5.3 290,878,909 2.8% South Africa
19 EG 270,204,932 1.1% 2.4 270,008,321 2.6% Egypt
20 CH 248,775,100 1.0% 28.4 115,094,843 1.1% Switzerland
21 TR 234,422,302 1.0% 2.7 45,390,112 0.4% Turkey
22 CZ 194,642,039 0.8% 18.5 112,187,291 1.1% Czech Republic
23 IR 188,088,327 0.8% 2.1 32,936,166 0.3% Iran
24 UA 182,845,623 0.7% 4.8 70,103,860 0.7% Ukraine
25 TW 169,148,435 0.7% 7.1 155,106,153 1.5% Taiwan(China)

IPv6 allocations by RIR

Allocations 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
AFRINIC 129 82 72 59 81 111 110 108 111 108 135 151
APNIC 641 599 540 528 777 1,680 1,369 1,460 1,484 1,498 1,392 1,317
ARIN 1,035 603 543 489 604 645 684 648 601 644 668 680
LACNIC 130 251 223 1,199 1,053 1,007 1,547 1,439 1,614 1,801 725 635
RIPENCC 1,647 1,756 2,151 2,227 2,129 2,124 2,030 2,521 2,989 1,325 2,430 1,283
3,582 3,291 3,529 4,502 4,644 5,567 5,740 6,176 6,799 5,376 5,350 4,066

Average IPv6 address allocation size by RIR

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
AFRINIC /31.7 /26.3 /32.1 /32.3 /30.1 /32.5 /32.0 /32.6 /30.3 /32.3 /31.9 /30.6
APNIC /28.1 /29.3 /29.0 /29.7 /30.6 /32.4 /30.4 /28.2 /29.6 /29.7 /29.1 /30.1
ARIN /30.9 /30.5 /27.5 /28.6 /31.9 /31.2 /31.0 /31.6 /28.8 /29.1 /32.8 /27.7
LACNIC /29.7 /27.9 /32.5 /31.9 /32.1 /31.8 /32.1 /32.1 /32.1 /32.1 /32.1 /32.2
RIPENCC /31.4 /30.9 /30.4 /30.0 /29.5 /28.6 /29.3 /29.3 /29.2 /29.5 /29.2 /29.4
/29.9 /29.6 /29.3 /30.0 /30.2 /29.8 /30.2 /29.4 /29.6 /30.0 /29.6 /29.2

IPv4 Allocated Address Pools per National Economy

CC IPv4 Pool % Total Per-Capita Economy
1 US 1,617,753,952 43.9% 4.78 United States of America
2 CN 343,277,568 9.3% 0.24 China
3 JP 190,439,680 5.2% 1.54 Japan
4 DE 123,757,440 3.4% 1.48 Germany
5 GB 119,183,240 3.2% 1.76 United Kingdom
6 KR 112,498,944 3.1% 2.17 Republic of Korea
7 BR 87,198,720 2.4% 0.40 Brazil
8 FR 82,354,800 2.2% 1.27 France
9 CA 69,177,344 1.9% 1.80 Canada
10 IT 54,729,024 1.5% 0.93 Italy

Top 10 Countries Sourcing Transferred IPv4 addresses in 2021

Rank CC Addresses Source Economy
1 FR 16,569,600 France
2 US 7,325,440 USA
3 DE 3,719,488 Germany
4 RU 1,795,328 Russia
5 GB 1,781,504 United Kingdom
6 CN 1,291,520 China
7 BE 1,123,584 Belgium
8 CH 1,052,672 Switzerland
9 ID 862,464 Indonesia
10 IT 643,456 Italy

IPv4 BGP changes over 2022

Jan-22 Jan-23 Delta Unchanged Re-Home Removed Added
Announcements 906,456 941,707 35,251 728,538 23,100 77,409 112,660
Address Span (/8s) 249.61 249.61 (0.00) 226.58 2.74 10.32 9.96
Root Prefixes: 423,948 444,678 20,730 355,647 15,077 28,040 45,914
Address Span (/8s) 183.29 182.81 −0.48 169.81 1.96 5.93 5.11
More Specifics: 482,508 497,029 14,521 372,891 8,023 49,369 66,746
Address Span (/8s) 50.62 50.69 0.07 40.67 0.78 4.39 4.85

Number of individual Address Allocations, 2011 – 2022

Allocations 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
IPv6 3,582 3,291 3,529 4,502 4,644 5,567 5,740 6,176 6,799 5,376 5,350 4,066
IPv4 8,234 7,435 6,429 10,435 11,352 9,648 8,185 8,769 12,560 5,874 6,939 4,395

Volume of Address Allocations, 2011 – 2022

Addresses 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
IPv6 (/32s) 14,986 17,710 23,642 17,847 15,765 25,260 19,975 38,699 35,924 21,620 28,131 27,497
IPv4 (/32s)(M) 191.7 88.8 57.7 58.8 32.3 20.8 15.1 14.1 13.9 4.2 3.1 2.1

IPv6 address allocation volumes by RIR

Addresses (/32s) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
AFRINIC 155 4,201 66 48 308 76 112 71 360 88 141 387
APNIC 9,506 3,807 4,462 2,663 2,108 1,235 4,228 19,681 7,945 7,365 10,185 4,856
ARIN 2,280 1,672 12,571 5,214 642 1,087 1,372 844 5,520 4,975 373 13,695
LACNIC 620 4,301 158 1,314 953 1,173 1,427 1,327 1,496 1,669 658 563
RIPENCC 2,425 3,729 6,385 8,608 11,754 21,689 12,836 16,776 20,603 7,523 16,774 7,996
14,986 17,710 23,642 17,847 15,765 25,260 19,975 38,699 35,924 21,620 28,131 27,497

Annual change in IPv4 Allocated addresses (millions) - Distribution by RIR

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
APNIC 119.5 101.0 0.6 1.2 4.6 7.4 6.7 3.2 0.4 10.5 1.7 1.5 0.8
RIPE NCC 52.3 40.5 37.8 1.0 33.8 4.7 4.1 3.7 0.3 12.0 0.4 2.5 4.7
ARIN 27.2 53.8 24.3 19.0 −14.1 2.3 −4.8 −2.3 −0.3 −10.1 −0.9 −1.7 −3.8
LACNIC 17.1 13.6 17.3 26.3 18.7 1.2 1.5 1.4 0.1 2.4 1.2 −0.2 −0.3
AFRINIC 8.8 9.4 8.5 6.3 12.8 15.0 11.9 7.1 0.2 10.1 −0.2 −0.9 0.2
TOTAL 224.9 218.3 88.5 53.8 55.8 30.6 19.4 13.1 0.7 24.9 2.2 1.2 1.6

Volume of Transferred IPv4 Addresses per year (Millions of addresses)

Recieving RIR 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
APNIC 1.7 2.5 3.9 6.6 8.2 4.9 10.0 4.3 16.6 6.5 3.2
RIPE NCC 0.1 2.0 9.6 11.6 9.2 24.6 19.5 26.9 18.2 16.2 36.2
ARIN 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 3.0
LACNIC
AFRINIC 0.2 0.5 1.2 3.4 0.5
Total 1.7 4.5 13.6 18.2 17.6 29.7 29.7 31.9 36.2 26.4 42.9

Top 20 Economy-to-Economy IPv4 address transfers in 2021

Rank From To Addresses (M) Source Destination
1 US GB 3,816,192 USA UK
2 US SE 2,123,776 USA Sweden
3 CN SG 1,114,112 China Singapore
4 ID US 655,616 Indonesia USA
5 CH US 641,024 Switzerland USA
6 GB US 580,864 UK USA
7 US CN 525,312 USA China
8 DE US 465,408 Germany USA
9 CH JP 262,144 Switzerland Japan
10 IT US 147,456 Italy USA
11 NL DE 139,776 Netherlands Germany
12 CL BR 131,072 Chile Brazil
13 IN PH 131,072 India Philippines
14 DE TR 111,616 Germany Turkey
15 GB SE 101,376 UK Sweden
16 US DE 73,216 USA Germany
17 US JP 70,144 USA Japan
18 AU GB 67,584 Australia UK
19 SE US 67,584 Sweden USA
20 JP US 67,584 Japan USA

IPv6 allocations by Year by Economy

Rank 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1 Brazil 1,049 Brazil 1,112 Brazil 1,394 USA 619 USA 638
2 Russia 638 USA 538 USA 588 Russia 576 India 377
3 USA 595 Russia 502 Indonesia 389 Brazil 508 Brazil 339
4 Germany 308 Germany 407 India 226 Netherlands 448 Bangladesh 239
5 China 253 Indonesia 366 Netherlands 199 India 390 Germany 158
6 Indonesia 213 Netherlands 342 Germany 192 UK 304 Russia 138
7 UK 184 UK 223 Bangladesh 182 Bangladesh 213 UK 125
8 Bangladesh 183 Bangladesh 202 Russia 128 Germany 196 Indonesia 113
9 India 168 France 179 Australia 118 Indonesia 110 Australia 100
10 Netherlands 162 China 165 China 115 Hong Kong(China) 108 Vietnam 91
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