Multiparty trust levels in evidence management: Ensuring tamper-proof chain of custody in blockchain.

[1] Mosweu, O. and Mosweu, T. (2023). ‘The influence of archives in conflict resolution: A case study of Botswana and Namibia’. Afr. J. Libr. Arch. Inf. Sci., 33: 1, 23–36. Mosweu O. Mosweu T. ( 2023 ). ‘ The influence of archives in conflict resolution: A case study of Botswana and Namibia ’. Afr. J. Libr. Arch. Inf. Sci ., 33 : 1 , 23 – 36 . Search in Google Scholar

[2] Houge, A.B. (2023).’ Imageries of self: Guilty plea statements in sexual violence cases at the ICTY’. Int. Crim. Justice Rev., 33: 2, 179–196. 10.1177/1057567720982656. Houge A.B. ( 2023 ).’ Imageries of self: Guilty plea statements in sexual violence cases at the ICTY ’. Int. Crim. Justice Rev ., 33 : 2 , 179 – 196 . 10.1177/1057567720982656 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[3] Cogan, J.K. (2000). ‘The problem of obtaining evidence for International Criminal Courts’. Hum. Rights Q., 22: 2, 404–427. 10.1353/hrq.2000.0021. Cogan J.K. ( 2000 ). ‘ The problem of obtaining evidence for International Criminal Courts ’. Hum. Rights Q ., 22 : 2 , 404 – 427 . 10.1353/hrq.2000.0021 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[4] (2011). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, The Netherlands: International Criminal Court. https://www.icccpi.int/sites/default/files/RSEng.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2023]. ( 2011 ). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court , The Netherlands : International Criminal Court . https://www.icccpi.int/sites/default/files/RSEng.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2023 ]. Search in Google Scholar

[5] (2013). Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Second. The Netherlands: International Criminal Court. https://www.icccpi.int/sites/default/files/RulesProcedureEvidenceEng.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2023]. ( 2013 ). Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Second . The Netherlands : International Criminal Court . https://www.icccpi.int/sites/default/files/RulesProcedureEvidenceEng.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2023 ]. Search in Google Scholar

[6] International Criminal Court. About the Court. https://www.icccpi.int/about/the-court [Accessed 10 September 2023]. International Criminal Court . About the Court . https://www.icccpi.int/about/the-court [Accessed 10 September 2023 ]. Search in Google Scholar

[7] ‘Understanding the ICC’, in Public Information and Outreach Section. The Netherlands: The Hague. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/understanding-the-icc.pdf [Accessed 10 September 2023]. ‘ Understanding the ICC ’, in Public Information and Outreach Section . The Netherlands : The Hague . https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/understanding-the-icc.pdf [Accessed 10 September 2023 ]. Search in Google Scholar

[8] Ulbricht, B.R, Moxley, C., Austin, M.D. and Norburg, M.D. (2022). ‘Digital eyewitnesses: Using new technologies to authenticate evidence in human rights litigation’. Stanford Law Review, vol. 74, pp. 851889, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://review.law.stanford.edu/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2022/04/Ulbricht-et-al.-74-Stan.-L.-Rev.-851.pdf Ulbricht B.R. Moxley C. Austin M.D. Norburg M.D. ( 2022 ). ‘ Digital eyewitnesses: Using new technologies to authenticate evidence in human rights litigation ’. Stanford Law Review , vol. 74 , pp. 851889 , 2022 . [Online]. Available: https://review.law.stanford.edu/wpcontent/uploads/sites/3/2022/04/Ulbricht-et-al.-74-Stan.-L.-Rev.-851.pdf Search in Google Scholar

[9] Bernstein, P.A. and Goodman, N. (1981). ‘Concurrency control in distributed database systems’, ACM Comput. Surv. CSUR, 13: 2, 185–221. 10.1145/356842.356846. Bernstein P.A. Goodman N. ( 1981 ). ‘ Concurrency control in distributed database systems ’, ACM Comput. Surv. CSUR , 13 : 2 , 185 – 221 . 10.1145/356842.356846 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[10] Nakamoto, S. ‘Bitcoin: A peertopeer electronic cash system’. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2023]. Nakamoto S. ‘ Bitcoin: A peertopeer electronic cash system ’. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2023 ]. Search in Google Scholar

[11] Ali, V., Norman, A.A., and Azzuhri, S.R.B. (2023). ‘Characteristics of blockchain and its relationship with trust’. IEEE Access, 11, 15364–15374. 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3243700. Ali V. Norman A.A. Azzuhri S.R.B. ( 2023 ). ‘ Characteristics of blockchain and its relationship with trust ’. IEEE Access , 11 , 15364 – 15374 . 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3243700 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[12] Meunier, S. (2018). ‘Blockchain 101: What is blockchain and how does this revolutionary technology work?. What is blockchain and how does this revolutionary technology work?’, in Transforming Climate Finance and Green Investment with Blockchains, pp. 23–34. 10.1016/B978-0-12-814447-3.00003-3. Meunier S. ( 2018 ). ‘ Blockchain 101: What is blockchain and how does this revolutionary technology work?. What is blockchain and how does this revolutionary technology work? ’, in Transforming Climate Finance and Green Investment with Blockchains , pp. 23 – 34 . 10.1016/B978-0-12-814447-3.00003-3 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[13] Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Rothenberger, M.A., and Chatterjee, S. (2007). ‘A design science research methodology for information systems research’. J. Manag. Inf. Syst., 24: 3, 45–77. 10.2753/MIS0742-1222240302. Peffers K. Tuunanen T. Rothenberger M.A. Chatterjee S. ( 2007 ). ‘ A design science research methodology for information systems research ’. J. Manag. Inf. Syst ., 24 : 3 , 45 – 77 . 10.2753/MIS0742-1222240302 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[14] Hevner, A.R., March, S.T., Park, J. and Ram, S. (2004). ‘Design science in information systems research’. MIS Q., 28: 1, 75–105. 10.2307/25148625. Hevner A.R. March S.T. Park J. Ram S. ( 2004 ). ‘ Design science in information systems research ’. MIS Q ., 28 : 1 , 75 – 105 . 10.2307/25148625 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[15] Prat, N., ComynWattiau, I. and Akoka, J. (2014). ‘Artifact evaluation in information systems designscience research - A holistic view’. PACIS 2014 Proc. https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2014/23 Prat N. ComynWattiau I. Akoka J. ( 2014 ). ‘ Artifact evaluation in information systems designscience research - A holistic view ’. PACIS 2014 Proc . https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2014/23 Search in Google Scholar

[16] Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., and Pal, D. (2015). ‘Likert scale: Explored and explained’. Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 7, 396–403, 10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975. Joshi A. Kale S. Chandel S. Pal D. ( 2015 ). ‘ Likert scale: Explored and explained ’. Br. J. Appl. Sci. Technol ., 7 , 396 – 403 , 10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[17] Page, M.J. et al. (2021). ‘The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews’, BMJ, n71. 10.1136/bmj.n71. Page M.J. et al. ( 2021 ). ‘ The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews ’, BMJ , n71 . 10.1136/bmj.n71 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[18] Kim, W.C. and Mauborgne, R. (2004) ‘Blue Ocean Strategy’. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr. org/2004/10/blueoceanstrategy [Accessed 15 June 2023]. Kim W.C. Mauborgne R. ( 2004 ) ‘ Blue Ocean Strategy ’. Harvard Business Review . https://hbr.org/2004/10/blueoceanstrategy [Accessed 15 June 2023 ]. Search in Google Scholar

[19] Awladthani, F.S., Porkodi, S., Saranya, R. and Pandurengan, V. (2023). ‘A systemic literature review of the adoption of Blue Ocean Strategy by small and medium enterprises for sustainable growth’. J. Sustain. Sci. Manag., 18: 2, 197–230. 10.46754/jssm.2023.02.014. Awladthani F.S. Porkodi S. Saranya R. Pandurengan V. ( 2023 ). ‘ A systemic literature review of the adoption of Blue Ocean Strategy by small and medium enterprises for sustainable growth ’. J. Sustain. Sci. Manag ., 18 : 2 , 197 – 230 . 10.46754/jssm.2023.02.014 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[20] Jindal, P. and Chavan, L. (2023). ‘Role of blockchain technology in creating blue ocean strategy for banking products and services’, in Contemporary Studies of Risks in Emerging Technology: Part B, pp. 169–182. 10.1108/978-1-80455-566-820231008. Jindal P. Chavan L. ( 2023 ). ‘ Role of blockchain technology in creating blue ocean strategy for banking products and services ’, in Contemporary Studies of Risks in Emerging Technology: Part B , pp. 169 – 182 . 10.1108/978-1-80455-566-820231008 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[21] Nasereddin, A.Y. (2023). ‘Impact of the Blue Ocean Strategy dimensions in achieving competitive advantage from the perspective of faculty members’. Inf. Sci. Lett., 12: 6, 2685–2698. 10.18576/isl/120639. Nasereddin A.Y. ( 2023 ). ‘ Impact of the Blue Ocean Strategy dimensions in achieving competitive advantage from the perspective of faculty members ’. Inf. Sci. Lett ., 12 : 6 , 2685 – 2698 . 10.18576/isl/120639 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[22] Kim, C., Yang, K.H. and Kim, J. (2008). ‘A strategy for thirdparty logistics systems: A case analysis using the blue ocean strategy’. Omega, 36: 4, 522–534. 10.1016/j.omega.2006.11.011. Kim C. Yang K.H. Kim J. ( 2008 ). ‘ A strategy for thirdparty logistics systems: A case analysis using the blue ocean strategy ’. Omega , 36 : 4 , 522 – 534 . 10.1016/j.omega.2006.11.011 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[23] Ehrenberg, A.J. and King, J.L. (2020). ‘Blockchain in context’. Inf. Syst. Front., 22: 1, 29–35. 10.1007/s10796-019-09946-6. Ehrenberg A.J. King J.L. ( 2020 ). ‘ Blockchain in context ’. Inf. Syst. Front ., 22 : 1 , 29 – 35 . 10.1007/s10796-019-09946-6 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[24] Olukoya, O. (2021). ‘Distilling blockchain requirements for digital investigation platforms’. J. Inf. Secur. Appl., 62. 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102969. Olukoya O. ( 2021 ). ‘ Distilling blockchain requirements for digital investigation platforms ’. J. Inf. Secur. Appl ., 62 . 10.1016/j.jisa.2021.102969 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[25] Khan, A.A., Uddin,M., Shaikh, A.A., Laghari, A.A. and Rajput, A.E. (2021). ‘MFLedger: Blockchain hyperledger sawtoothenabled novel and secure multimedia chain of custody forensic investigation architecture’. IEEE Access, 9, 103637–103650. 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3099037. Khan A.A. Uddin M. Shaikh A.A. Laghari A.A. Rajput A.E. ( 2021 ). ‘ MFLedger: Blockchain hyperledger sawtoothenabled novel and secure multimedia chain of custody forensic investigation architecture ’. IEEE Access , 9 , 103637 – 103650 . 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3099037 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[26] JaquetChiffelle, D., Casey, E., and Bourquenoud, J. (2020). ‘Tamperproof timestamped provenance ledger using blockchain technology’. FORENSIC Sci. Int.-Digit. Investig., 33. 10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.300977. JaquetChiffelle D. Casey E. Bourquenoud J. ( 2020 ). ‘ Tamperproof timestamped provenance ledger using blockchain technology ’. FORENSIC Sci. Int.-Digit. Investig ., 33 . 10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.300977 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[27] Liu, G., He. J and Xuan. X (2021). ‘A data preservation method based on Blockchain and multidimensional hash for digital forensics’. Complexity, 2021. 10.1155/2021/5536326. Liu G. He J Xuan X ( 2021 ). ‘ A data preservation method based on Blockchain and multidimensional hash for digital forensics ’. Complexity , 2021 . 10.1155/2021/5536326 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[28] Ali, M., Ismail, A., Elgohary, H., Darwish, S. and Mesbah, S. (2022). ‘A procedure for tracing chain of custody in digital image forensics: A paradigm based on grey hash and blockchain’. Symmetry, 14: 2. 10.3390/sym14020334. Ali M. Ismail A. Elgohary H. Darwish S. Mesbah S. ( 2022 ). ‘ A procedure for tracing chain of custody in digital image forensics: A paradigm based on grey hash and blockchain ’. Symmetry , 14 : 2 . 10.3390/sym14020334 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[29] Sathyaprakasan, R., Govindan, P., Alvi, S., Sadath, L., Philip, S. and Singh, N. (2021). ‘An implementation of blockchain technology in forensic evidence management’, in V. Naranje, B. Singh and S. Velan (eds), Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Intell. Knowl. Econ., ICCIKE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 208–212. 10.1109/ICCIKE51210.2021.9410791. Sathyaprakasan R. Govindan P. Alvi S. Sadath L. Philip S. Singh N. ( 2021 ). ‘ An implementation of blockchain technology in forensic evidence management ’, in Naranje V. Singh B. Velan S. (eds), Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Intell. Knowl. Econ., ICCIKE , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc ., pp. 208 – 212 . 10.1109/ICCIKE51210.2021.9410791 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[30] Burri, X., Casey, E., Bollé, T. and Jaquet-Chiffelle, D.O. (2020). ‘Chronological independently verifiable electronic chain of custody ledger using blockchain technology’. Forensic Sci. Int. Digit. Investig., 33. 10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.300976. Burri X. Casey E. Bollé T. Jaquet-Chiffelle D.O. ( 2020 ). ‘ Chronological independently verifiable electronic chain of custody ledger using blockchain technology ’. Forensic Sci. Int. Digit. Investig ., 33 . 10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.300976 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[31] Alruwaili, F.E. (2021). ‘CustodyBlock: A distributed chain of custody evidence framework’. Information, 12: 2, 88. 10.3390/info12020088. Alruwaili F.E. ( 2021 ). ‘ CustodyBlock: A distributed chain of custody evidence framework ’. Information , 12 : 2 , 88 . 10.3390/info12020088 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[32] Kusuma, R.S. (2023). ‘Digital evidence security system design using blockchain technology’. Int. J. Saf. Secur. Eng., 13: 1, 159–165. 10.18280/ijsse.130118. Kusuma R.S. ( 2023 ). ‘ Digital evidence security system design using blockchain technology ’. Int. J. Saf. Secur. Eng ., 13 : 1 , 159 – 165 . 10.18280/ijsse.130118 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[33] Gopalan, S.H., Suba, S.A., Ashmithashree, C., Gayathri, A. and Jebin Andrews, V. (2019). ‘Digital forensics using blockchain’. Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng., 8: 2 Special Issue 11, 182–184.10.35940/ijrte. B1030.0982S1119. Gopalan S.H. Suba S.A. Ashmithashree C. Gayathri A. Jebin Andrews V. ( 2019 ). ‘ Digital forensics using blockchain ’. Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng ., 8 : 2 Special Issue 11 , 182 – 184 . 10.35940/ijrte.B1030.0982S1119 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[34] Zhang, Y. Wu, S., Jin, B. and Du, J. (2018) ‘A blockchainbased process provenance for cloud forensics’, in IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Commun., ICCC, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 2470– 2473. 10.1109/CompComm.2017.8322979. Zhang Y. Wu S. Jin B. Du J. ( 2018 ) ‘ A blockchainbased process provenance for cloud forensics ’, in IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Commun ., ICCC, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc ., pp. 2470 – 2473 . 10.1109/CompComm.2017.8322979 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[35] Manjre, B.M. and Goyal, K.K. (2023). ‘A novel and custom blockchain approach for the integrity assurance of the digital evidences extracted during the extraction and decoding of mobile artifacts from the mobile forensic tools’, in AIP Conf. Proc., American Institute of Physics Inc. 10.1063/5.0127910. Manjre B.M. Goyal K.K. ( 2023 ). ‘ A novel and custom blockchain approach for the integrity assurance of the digital evidences extracted during the extraction and decoding of mobile artifacts from the mobile forensic tools ’, in AIP Conf. Proc ., American Institute of Physics Inc . 10.1063/5.0127910 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[36] Bonomi, S., Casini, M., and Ciccotelli, C. (2020). ‘BCoC: A blockchain-based chain of custody for evidences management in digital forensics’, in V. Danos., M. Herlihy, M. PotopButucaru, J. Prat, and S. Tucci-Piergiovanni (eds), OpenAccess Ser. Informatics, Schloss Dagstuhl-LeibnizZentrum fur Informatik GmbH, Dagstuhl Publishing. 10.4230/OASIcs.Tokenomics.2019.12. Bonomi S. Casini M. Ciccotelli C. ( 2020 ). ‘ BCoC: A blockchain-based chain of custody for evidences management in digital forensics ’, in Danos V. Herlihy M. PotopButucaru M. Prat J. Tucci-Piergiovanni S. (eds), OpenAccess Ser. Informatics , Schloss Dagstuhl-LeibnizZentrum fur Informatik GmbH, Dagstuhl Publishing . 10.4230/OASIcs.Tokenomics.2019.12 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[37] Yan, W., Shen, J., Cao, Z. and Dong, X. (2020). ‘Blockchain based digital evidence chain of custody’, in Proceedings of the 2020 The 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology, in ICBCT’20, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 19–23. 10.1145/3390566.3391690. Yan W. Shen J. Cao Z. Dong X. ( 2020 ). ‘ Blockchain based digital evidence chain of custody ’, in Proceedings of the 2020 The 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology, in ICBCT’20 , New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery , pp. 19 – 23 . 10.1145/3390566.3391690 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[38] Ahmad, L., Khanji, S., Iqbal, F. and Kamoun, F. (2020). ‘Blockchainbased chain of custody: Towards real-time tamper-proof evidence management’, in ACM Int. Conf. Proc. Ser., Association for Computing Machinery. doi: 10.1145/3407023.3409199. Ahmad L. Khanji S. Iqbal F. Kamoun F. ( 2020 ). ‘ Blockchainbased chain of custody: Towards real-time tamper-proof evidence management ’, in ACM Int. Conf. Proc. Ser ., Association for Computing Machinery . doi: 10.1145/3407023.3409199 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[39] Chopade, M., Khan, S., Shaikh, U. and Pawar, R. (2019). ‘Digital forensics: Maintaining chain of custody using blockchain’, in Proc. Int. Conf. ISMAC IoT Soc., Mob., Anal. Cloud, ISMAC, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., pp. 744–747. 10.1109/ISMAC47947.2019.9032693. Chopade M. Khan S. Shaikh U. Pawar R. ( 2019 ). ‘ Digital forensics: Maintaining chain of custody using blockchain ’, in Proc. Int. Conf. ISMAC IoT Soc., Mob., Anal. Cloud, ISMAC , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc ., pp. 744 – 747 . 10.1109/ISMAC47947.2019.9032693 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[40] Lone, A.H. and Mir, R.N. (2019). ‘Forensicchain: Blockchain based digital forensics chain of custody with PoC in Hyperledger Composer’. Digit. Investig., 28, 44–55. 10.1016/j.diin.2019.01.002. Lone A.H. Mir R.N. ( 2019 ). ‘ Forensicchain: Blockchain based digital forensics chain of custody with PoC in Hyperledger Composer ’. Digit. Investig ., 28 , 44 – 55 . 10.1016/j.diin.2019.01.002 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[41] Santamaria, P., Tobarra, L., Pastor-Vargas, R. and Robles-Gomez, A. ‘Smart contracts for managing the chain-of-custody of digital evidence: A practical case of study’. SMART CITIES, 6: 2, 709–727. 10.3390/smartcities6020034. Santamaria P. Tobarra L. Pastor-Vargas R. Robles-Gomez A. ‘ Smart contracts for managing the chain-of-custody of digital evidence: A practical case of study ’. SMART CITIES , 6 : 2 , 709 – 727 . 10.3390/smartcities6020034 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[42] AwusonDavid, K., AlHadhrami, T., Alazab, M., Shah, N. and Shalaginov, A. (2021). ‘BCFL logging: An approach to acquire and preserve admissible digital forensics evidence in cloud ecosystem’. Future Gener. Comput. Syst., 122, 1–13. 10.1016/j.future.2021.03.001. AwusonDavid K. AlHadhrami T. Alazab M. Shah N. Shalaginov A. ( 2021 ). ‘ BCFL logging: An approach to acquire and preserve admissible digital forensics evidence in cloud ecosystem ’. Future Gener. Comput. Syst ., 122 , 1 – 13 . 10.1016/j.future.2021.03.001 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[43] AlKhateeb, H., Epiphaniou, G. and Daly, H. (2019). ‘Blockchain for modern digital forensics: The chain-of-custody as a distributed ledger’ in Adv. Sci. Tech. Sec. Appl., Springer, pp. 149–168. doi: 10.1007/9783030112899_7. AlKhateeb H. Epiphaniou G. Daly H. ( 2019 ). ‘ Blockchain for modern digital forensics: The chain-of-custody as a distributed ledger ’ in Adv. Sci. Tech. Sec. Appl ., Springer , pp. 149 – 168 . doi: 10.1007/9783030112899_7 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[44] Li, M., Lal, C., Conti, M. and Hu, D. (2022). ‘LEChain: A blockchainbased lawful evidence management scheme for digital forensic’, Future Gener. Comput. Syst.-Int. J. Escience, 115, 406–420.10.1016/j.future.2020.09.038. Li M. Lal C. Conti M. Hu D. ( 2022 ). ‘ LEChain: A blockchainbased lawful evidence management scheme for digital forensic ’, Future Gener. Comput. Syst.-Int. J. Escience , 115 , 406 – 420 . 10.1016/j.future.2020.09.038 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[45] Shahaab, A., Hewage, C. and Khan, I. (2021). ‘Preventing spoliation of evidence with blockchain: A Perspective from South Asia’, in 2021 The 3rd International Conference on Blockchain Technology, in ICBCT ‘21, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 45–52. 10.1145/3460537.3460550. Shahaab A. Hewage C. Khan I. ( 2021 ). ‘ Preventing spoliation of evidence with blockchain: A Perspective from South Asia ’, in 2021 The 3rd International Conference on Blockchain Technology, in ICBCT ‘21 , New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery , pp. 45 – 52 . 10.1145/3460537.3460550 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[46] Tsai, F.-C.-(2021). ‘The application of blockchain of custody in criminal investigation process’, in J. Watrobski, W. Salabun, C. Toro, C. Zanni-Merk, R.J. Howlett and L.C. Jain, (eds), Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (kse 2021), Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Bv, pp. 2779–2788. 10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.048. Tsai F.-C. - ( 2021 ). ‘ The application of blockchain of custody in criminal investigation process ’, in Watrobski J. Salabun W. Toro C. Zanni-Merk C. Howlett R.J. Jain L.C. , (eds), Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems (kse 2021) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Science Bv , pp. 2779 – 2788 . 10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.048 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[47] Sanda, P., Pawar, D. and Radha, V. (2022). ‘Blockchain-based tamper-proof and transparent investigation model for cloud VMs’. J. Supercomput., 78: 16, 17891–17919. 10.1007/s11227-022-04567-4. Sanda P. Pawar D. Radha V. ( 2022 ). ‘ Blockchain-based tamper-proof and transparent investigation model for cloud VMs ’. J. Supercomput ., 78 : 16 , 17891 – 17919 . 10.1007/s11227-022-04567-4 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[48] Akello, P., Vemprala, N., Lang Beebe, N. and Raymond Choo, K.K. (2023). ‘Blockchain use case in ballistics and crime gun tracing and intelligence: Toward overcoming gun violence’. ACM Trans. Manag. Inf. Syst., 14: 1, 7:1–7:26. 10.1145/3571290. Akello P. Vemprala N. Lang Beebe N. Raymond Choo K.K. ( 2023 ). ‘ Blockchain use case in ballistics and crime gun tracing and intelligence: Toward overcoming gun violence ’. ACM Trans. Manag. Inf. Syst ., 14 : 1 , 7:1 – 7:26 . 10.1145/3571290 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

[49] Martin, T. and Hammoudeh, M. (2022).’“Data preservation system using BoCA: Block-chain-of-custody application’, in The 5th International Conference on Future Networks & Distributed Systems, in ICFNDS 2021, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 70–77. 10.1145/3508072.3508084. Martin T. Hammoudeh M. ( 2022 ). ’“ Data preservation system using BoCA: Block-chain-of-custody application ’, in The 5th International Conference on Future Networks & Distributed Systems, in ICFNDS 2021 , New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery , pp. 70 – 77 . 10.1145/3508072.3508084 . Open DOISearch in Google Scholar