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Role of seasonal variation on the prevalence and risk factors of trichuriasis among the aboriginal community in Malaysia

S. A. Noradilah
S. A. Noradilah
, 
T. S. Anuar
T. S. Anuar
 oraz 
I. L. Lee
I. L. Lee
   | 04 maj 2022
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Article Category: Research Article
Data publikacji: 04 maj 2022
Zakres stron: 55 - 63
Otrzymano: 22 kwi 2020
Przyjęty: 31 gru 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/helm-2022-0004
Słowa kluczowe
© 2022 S. A. Noradilah, T. S. Anuar, I. L. Lee, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

Map of the aboriginal villages in Kuala Krau Pahang.
Map of the aboriginal villages in Kuala Krau Pahang.

Other intestinal parasites detected among the aboriginal community during wet and dry seasons.

Intestinal parasites Number of infection (%) Association with T. trichiura infections
Wet season (N=256) Dry season (N=217) Wet season (N=256) Dry season (N=217)
χ2 p-value χ2 p-value
Ascaris lumbricoides 81 (31.6 %) 54 (24.9 %) 32.460 <0.001** 22.882 <0.001**
Hookworm 59 (23.0 %) 73 (33.6 %) 23.614 <0.001** 27.544 <0.001**
Giardia lamblia 53 (20.7 %) 18 (8.3 %) 3.430 0.064 8.069 0.005**
Entamoeba spp. 56 (21.9 %) 53 (24.4 %) 2.412 0.120 2.267 0.132
Blastocystis spp. 55 (21.5 %) 38 (17.5 %) 1.940 0.164 0.162 0.688
Chilomastix mesnilii 2 (0.8 %) 1 (0.5 %) 1.618 0.203 0.575 0.448
Dientamoeba fragilis 2 (0.8 %) 0 (0.0 %) 2.511 0.113 NA NA
Endolimax nana 21 (8.2 %) 7 (3.2 %) 2.359 0.125 1.529 0.216
Entamoeba coli 10 (3.9 %) 5 (2.3 %) 2.535 0.111 0.595 0.441
Iodamoeba butschlii 11 (4.3 %) 7 (3.2 %) 0.004 0.950 1.529 0.216

Prevalence and significant difference of Trichuris trichiura infections during the wet and dry seasons.

Wet season (n=256) Dry season (n=217) Significant difference between the two seasons
Number of infections Prevalence (%) 95 % CI Number of infections Prevalence (%) 95% CI Z-score p-value
142 55.5 49.2, 61.7 138 63.6 56.8, 70.0 1.792 0.073

Univariate analysis of the risk factors associated with Trichuris trichiura infections in the aboriginal community during wet (n=256) and dry (n=217) seasons.

Variables Wet season (n=256) Dry season (n=217) OR (95% Cl) p-value
Wet season Dry season Wet Dry
Prevalence (95% Cl) Prevalence (95% Cl)
Age
<15 58; 22.7 % 17.7, 28.3 53; 24.4 % 18.9, 30.7 1.690 (1.420,2.135) 1.496(1.283, 3.869)
>15 84; 32.8 % 27.1,38.9 85; 39.2 % 32.6, 46.0 1 1 0.143 0.014*
Gender
Female 77; 30.1 % 24.5, 36.1 63; 29.0 % 23.1,35.6 1.994(1.606,2.630) 0.703 (0.404, 1.225)
Male 65; 25.4 % 20.2,31.2 75; 34.6 % 28.3,41.3 1 1 0.980 0.213
Number of household
members
>8 93; 36.3 % 30.4, 42.6 78; 35.9 % 29.6, 42.7 1.967(1.544, 3.718) 1.722 (1.412,2.265)
<8 49; 19.1 % 14.5, 24.5 60;27.7 % 21.8, 34.1 1 1 0.909 0.255
Monthly household
income
≤ RM500 90; 35.2 % 29.3,41.4 88; 40.6 % 34.0, 47.4 1.511 (1.294, 3.891) 1.021 (1.575, 1.813)
> RM500 52; 20.3 % 15.6, 25.8 50; 23.0 % 17.6, 29.2 1 1 0.017* 0.944
Education level
No formal education
Primary and secondary education 37; 14.5% 105; 41.0% 10.4, 19.4 34.9, 47.3 40; 18.4% 98; 45.2 % 13.5, 24.2 38.4, 52.0 1.451 (1.266, 5.764) 1 1.935(1.511,2.712) 1 0.003** 0.828
Occupation
Rubber tapper, farmer 140; 54.7 % 48.4, 60.9 97; 44.7 % 38.0,51.6 3.889 (1.770,9.648) 1.788(1.005, 3.180) 0.078 0.047*
Professional, factory 2; 0.8 % 0.1, 2.8 41; 18.9% 13.9, 24.8 1 1
Water supply
Untreated tap water 101; 39.5% 33.4, 45.7 95; 43.8 % 37.1,50.7 1.857(1.105, 3.120) 2.154(1.219, 3.807)
from river and wells 0.019* 0.008**
Governmental tap water 41; 16.0% 11.8,21.1 43; 19.8% 14.7, 25.8 1 1
Usage of stored river
water
Yes 75; 29.3 % 23.8, 35.3 60; 27.7 % 21.8, 34.1 1.539(1.937,2.530) 1.072 (1.613, 1.876)
No 67; 26.2 % 20.9, 32.0 78; 35.9 % 29.6, 42.7 1 1 0.088 0.807
Latrine system/
defecation
No latrine system, river 140; 54.7 % 48.4, 60.9 135; 62.2 % 55.4, 68.7 1.892 (1.311, 11.519) 1.022 (0.997, 1.048)
Flush toilet and pit latrine 2; 0.8 % 0.1, 2.8 3; 1.4% 0.3, 4.0 1 1 0.482 0.187
Wash hand after
playing with soil
No 16; 6.3% 3.6, 10.0 9; 4.2 % 1.9, 7.7 0.907 (0.423, 1.947) 0.543 (0.206, 1.430)
Yes 126; 49.2 % 42.9, 55.5 129; 59.4% 52.6, 66.0 1 1 0.802 0.211
Wash hand after
defecation
No 7; 2.7 % 1.1, 5.6 5; 2.3 % 0.8, 5.3 1.687 (1.241, 1.955) 0.705 (0.184,2.705)
Yes 135; 52.7 % 46.4, 59.0 133; 61.3% 54.5, 67.8 1 1 0.480 0.609
Defecation area
River, bushes 66; 25.8 % 20.5,31.6 67; 30.9 % 24.8, 37.5 1.737 (1.043,2.893) 2.120 (1.203, 3.736)
Flush toilet and pit latrine 76; 29.7 % 24.2, 35.7 71; 32.7% 26.5, 39.4 1 1 0.033* 0.009**
Animals rearing
Yes 89; 34.8 % 28.9,41.0 81; 37.3% 30.9, 44.1 1.621 (1.983,2.674) 1.968(1.551,2.698) 0.908
No 53; 20.7 % 15.9, 26.2 57; 26.3 % 20.5, 32.7 1 1 0.058
Educational status of
father
No formal education 67; 26.2 % 20.9, 32.0 41; 18.9% 13.9, 24.8 1.591 (0.960,2.635) 1.862 (1.475,2.561)
Primary and secondary education 75; 29.3 % 23.8, 35.3 97; 44.7 % 38.0,51.6 1 1 0.071 0.623
Educational status of
mother
No formal education 62; 24.2 % 19.1,29.9 39; 18.0 % 13.1,23.7 1.434(1.863,2.383) 1.021 (0.551, 1.890)
Primary and secondary education 80; 31.3% 25.6, 37.3 99; 45.6 % 38.9, 52.5 1 1 0.164 0.948

Multivariate analysis of the risk factors of Trichuris trichiura infections in the aboriginal community during wet (n=256) and dry (n=217) seasons.

Variables OR (95% CI) p-value
Wet season Dry season Wet Dry
Age NA 1.317 (1.396, 4.381) NA 0.653
≤15
Monthly household income
≤ RM500 1.545 (1.304, 3.979) NA 0.042* NA
Education level
No formal education 1.440 (1.195, 2.997) NA 0.049* NA
Occupation
Rubber tapper, farmer NA 1.435 (1.768, 2.683) NA 0.258
Water supply 1.362 (1.030, 4.414) 2.253(1.996, 5.095) 0.426 0.049*
Untreated tap water from river
and wells
Defecation area
River, bushes 2.740 (1.184, 6.339) 1.513 (1.474, 4.834) 0.019* 0.485
eISSN:
1336-9083
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Life Sciences, Zoology, Ecology, other, Medicine, Clinical Medicine, Microbiology, Virology and Infection Epidemiology
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