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Influence of hypergravity on root growth phenotype and physio-biochemical parameters in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

Mahamed Ashiq I

Mahamed Ashiq I

Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT)
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I, Mahamed Ashiq
, 
Sana B Honnutagi

Sana B Honnutagi

Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT)
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Honnutagi, Sana B
, 
Ravikumar Hosamani

Ravikumar Hosamani

Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT)
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Hosamani, Ravikumar
, 
Deepthi R B

Deepthi R B

Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT)
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B, Deepthi R
, 
Basavalingayya K Swamy

Basavalingayya K Swamy

Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT)
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Swamy, Basavalingayya K
, 
Malarvizhi Sathasivam

Malarvizhi Sathasivam

  • Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT)
  • Plant and Environmental Sciences Department, Clemson UniversityUSA
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Sathasivam, Malarvizhi
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Basavaraj Bagewadi

Basavaraj Bagewadi

Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT)
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Bagewadi, Basavaraj
, 
Uday G. Reddy

Uday G. Reddy

AICRP on Wheat, MARS
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Reddy, Uday G.
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N. G Hanamaratti

N. G Hanamaratti

AICRP on Sorghum, University of Agricultural SciencesDharwad, India
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G Hanamaratti, N.
  
31 gru 2024
Influence of hypergravity on root growth phenotype and physio-biochemical parameters in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)'s Cover Image
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Kategoria artykułu: Research Note
Data publikacji: 31 gru 2024
Zakres stron: 177 - 197
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2024-0013
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© 2024 Mahamed Ashiq I et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

The study evaluated different levels of hypergravity intensities on root, shoot, and seedling vigor index of sorghum seedlings under laboratory conditions using the between-paper method. (a) Visual representation of qualitative root and shoot phenotype responses to 20, 40, 80, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, and 5000-times gravity (g) for a set period of one hour was provided. (b) Variability (shown in red box plot) in the shoot length phenotype among the ten treatments was analyzed. (c) Variability (shown in green box plot) among the ten treatments for root length phenotype was examined. (d) Variability (shown in orange box plot) among the 10 treatments for total seedling length. (e) Variability (illustrated in pink box plot) in the seedling vigor index among the ten treatments was also analyzed. In each test group, 30 seedlings were utilized in triplicates, and such four independent experiments were employed for statistical analysis. The resultant data underwent one-way ANOVA using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
The study evaluated different levels of hypergravity intensities on root, shoot, and seedling vigor index of sorghum seedlings under laboratory conditions using the between-paper method. (a) Visual representation of qualitative root and shoot phenotype responses to 20, 40, 80, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, and 5000-times gravity (g) for a set period of one hour was provided. (b) Variability (shown in red box plot) in the shoot length phenotype among the ten treatments was analyzed. (c) Variability (shown in green box plot) among the ten treatments for root length phenotype was examined. (d) Variability (shown in orange box plot) among the 10 treatments for total seedling length. (e) Variability (illustrated in pink box plot) in the seedling vigor index among the ten treatments was also analyzed. In each test group, 30 seedlings were utilized in triplicates, and such four independent experiments were employed for statistical analysis. The resultant data underwent one-way ANOVA using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 2.

The varied response observed among different sorghum genotypes to hypergravity was examined in laboratory conditions using the between-paper method. (a) A qualitative depiction of hypergravity-induced (1000g, 1 hr) increased root and shoot length phenotypes at the seedling stage were documented on the final count (10th day) of nine different genotypes of sorghum seedlings. Hypergravity-induced alterations in shoot length (b), root length (c), and seedling vigor index (d) of different genotypes of sorghum seedlings were analyzed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=360] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
The varied response observed among different sorghum genotypes to hypergravity was examined in laboratory conditions using the between-paper method. (a) A qualitative depiction of hypergravity-induced (1000g, 1 hr) increased root and shoot length phenotypes at the seedling stage were documented on the final count (10th day) of nine different genotypes of sorghum seedlings. Hypergravity-induced alterations in shoot length (b), root length (c), and seedling vigor index (d) of different genotypes of sorghum seedlings were analyzed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=360] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 3.

Changes in seedling growth characteristics of three selected sorghum genotypes were examined under greenhouse conditions. (a) A hypergravity-induced (1000g, 1 hr) enhanced seedling growth phenotype was recorded at the seedling growth stage (10th day) of sorghum grown in a greenhouse. Hypergravity-induced changes in shoot length (b), root length (c), seedling vigor index (d), seedling fresh weight (e), and seedling dry weight (f) of selected genotypes of sorghum seedlings were analyzed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=96] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Changes in seedling growth characteristics of three selected sorghum genotypes were examined under greenhouse conditions. (a) A hypergravity-induced (1000g, 1 hr) enhanced seedling growth phenotype was recorded at the seedling growth stage (10th day) of sorghum grown in a greenhouse. Hypergravity-induced changes in shoot length (b), root length (c), seedling vigor index (d), seedling fresh weight (e), and seedling dry weight (f) of selected genotypes of sorghum seedlings were analyzed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=96] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 4.

(a) Phenotypic changes were observed at the 55-day-old vegetative growth stage of three selected sorghum genotypes under greenhouse conditions. (b) Hypergravity-induced alterations in root length, (c) root volume, (d) root fresh weight, (e) root dry weight, and (f) secondary roots were analyzed. (g) Hypergravity-induced alterations in shoot length, and (h) shoot dry weight were also assessed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=48] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
(a) Phenotypic changes were observed at the 55-day-old vegetative growth stage of three selected sorghum genotypes under greenhouse conditions. (b) Hypergravity-induced alterations in root length, (c) root volume, (d) root fresh weight, (e) root dry weight, and (f) secondary roots were analyzed. (g) Hypergravity-induced alterations in shoot length, and (h) shoot dry weight were also assessed. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test [N=48] using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 5.

Hypergravity induces dynamic changes in phytohormone levels in the roots of sorghum seedlings, as profiled on the 10th day after exposure. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).
Hypergravity induces dynamic changes in phytohormone levels in the roots of sorghum seedlings, as profiled on the 10th day after exposure. The resultant data underwent an independent sample t-test using SPSS – version 20.00. Statistical significance * (p ≤ 0.05), ** (p ≤ 0.01), *** (p ≤ 0.001).

Figure 6.

Qualitative image of nine different sorghum genotypes used for this study.
Qualitative image of nine different sorghum genotypes used for this study.

Supplementary Figure 1.

This experiment was grouped as below. Statistical superiority was identified using an independent ‘t’ test comparing control with hypergravity treatment.
This experiment was grouped as below. Statistical superiority was identified using an independent ‘t’ test comparing control with hypergravity treatment.

Response of different sorghum genotypes to hypergravity under laboratory conditions using between-paper-method_ Hypergravity-induced changes in germination, root, length, shoot, and seedling vigor index in different genotypes of sorghum seedlings were recorded on the final count (day 10) of 9 different genotypes of sorghum seedlings_ Resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test (four independent experimental groups of 30 seedlings in triplicate (30×3 = 90; 90×4 experiments = 360)) using SPSS – version 20_00_

Genotypes Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM 1000g 1 hr Mean ± SEM % change over control p-value t-stat.
Germination (%)
SPV2217 91.5 ± 2.33 92.25 ± 2.18 0.82 0.835 0.313
DSV4 89.50 ± 1.45 90.50 ± 1.20 1.12 0.869 0.177
M35-1 94.50 ± 1.33 93.75 ± 1.66 −0.79 0.665 0.469
SVD1418R 89.50 ± 2.72 91.50 ± 1.85 2.23 0.709 0.404
KODMURKI LOCAL 93.50 ± 1.52 90.50 ± 3.84 −3.21 0.571 0.645
IS18551 91.50 ± 1.52 90.50 ± 2.33 −1.09 0.713 0.397
SVD1358R 91.25 ± 1.52 94.50 ± 1.33 3.56 0.812 0.981
LAKMAPUR LOCAL 93.75 ± 1.66 89.50 ± 2.72 −4.53 0.382 0.548
CSV 29R 91.50 ± 1.85 93.50 ± 1.52 2.19 0.617 0.261
Shoot length (cm)
SPV2217 10.56 ± 0.70 12.13 ± 0.83 14.92 0.046 4.51
DSV4 14.38 ± 0.43 14.69 ± 0.45 2.16 0.59 0.59
M35-1 12.38 ± 0.44 14.38 ± 0.74 16.16 0.039 5.66
SVD1418R 13.65 ± 0.38 13.78 ± 0.35 0.92 0.61 0.56
KODMURKI LOCAL 13.10 ± 0.55 13.37 ± 0.86 2.02 0.32 1.17
IS18551 11.75 ± 0.27 12.12 ± 0.21 3.13 0.19 3.33
SVD1358R 11.67 ± 0.36 11.80 ± 0.73 1.16 0.42 0.94
LAKMAPUR LOCAL 15.33 ± 0.32 15.64 ± 0.54 2.06 0.31 3.15
CSV 29R 12.48 ± 0.78 12.62 ± 0.34 1.08 0.12 2.41
Root length (cm)
SPV2217 22.70 ± 0.80 27.58 ± 0.44 21.51 0.016 4.86
DSV4 18.34 ± 0.41 18.03 ± 0.18 −1.68 0.13 2.00
M35-1 15.57 ± 0.46 18.54 ± 1.21 19.11 0.018 6.93
SVD1418R 19.15 ± 1.09 19.19 ± 1.44 0.21 0.12 2.02
KODMURKI LOCAL 22.23 ± 0.44 22.50 ± 0.66 1.20 0.41 3.65
IS18551 18.99 ± 0.43 22.41 ± 0.60 18.00 0.030 5.25
SVD1358R 23.33 ± 0.88 23.48 ± 0.47 0.68 0.12 3.40
LAKMAPUR LOCAL 18.42 ± 0.98 18.57 ± 0.86 0.81 0.97 2.74
CSV 29R 16.51 ± 0.57 17.16 ± 1.04 3.89 0.46 3.05
Seedling vigour index (SVI)
SPV2217 3041.25 ± 39.6 3663.78 ± 26.4 20.47 0.005 4.86
DSV4 2929.11 ± 60.4 2961.63 ± 51.4 1.11 0.70 1.93
M35-1 2640.16 ± 36.9 3085.71 ± 19.4 16.88 0.006 5.995
SVD1418R 2935.45 ± 13.1 3015.69 ± 18.6 2.73 0.12 5.19
KODMURKI LOCAL 3303.27 ± 52.4 3245.50 ± 53.5 −1.75 0.47 1.42
IS18551 2812.62 ± 36.3 3124.33 ± 25.7 11.08 0.01 4.355
SVD1358R 3192.92 ± 22.3 3333.96 ± 21.6 4.42 0.09 2.61
LAKMAPUR LOCAL 3163.19 ± 27.6 3061.30 ± 20.4 −3.22 0.13 3.90
CSV 29R 2652.75 ± 15.8 2785.28 ± 25.7 3.75 0.16 5.28
Total Seedling length (cm)
SPV2217 33.26 ± 0.56 39.72 ± 0.21 20.47 0.005 4.86
DSV4 32.72 ± 0.16 32.73 ± 0.09 1.11 0.70 1.93
M35-1 27.94 ± 0.22 32.92 ± 0.14 16.88 0.006 5.995
SVD1418R 32.80 ± 0.14 32.97 ± 0.30 2.73 0.12 5.19
KODMURKI LOCAL 35.33 ± 0.22 35.87 ± 0.25 −1.75 0.47 1.42
IS18551 30.74 ± 0.39 34.53 ± 0.12 11.08 0.001 4.355
SVD1358R 34.99 ± 0.19 35.28 ± 0.28 4.42 0.09 2.61
LAKMAPUR LOCAL 33.74 ± 0.25 34.20 ± 0.17 −3.22 0.13 3.90
CSV 29R 29.00 ± 0.49 29.78 ± 0.66 3.75 0.16 5.28

Changes in germination, root, and shoot growth characteristics of three selected sorghum genotypes under greenhouse conditions_ Hypergravity-induced changes in germination (%), root length (cm), root volume (cm3), root fresh weight (gm), root dry weight (gm), number of secondary roots of selected genotypes of sorghum in greenhouse conditions recorded at the beginning of the reproductive phase (55th-day) of sorghum grown in a greenhouse_ The resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test [N=48] using SPSS – version 20_00_

Genotypes Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM 1000g 1 hr Mean ± SEM % change over control p-value t-stat.
Germination (%)
M35-1 94.5 ± 1.33 95.0 ± 1.66 0.53 0.566 0.469
SPV2217 93.8 ± 1.52 94.0 ± 3.84 0.27 0.179 0.645
IS18551 91.5 ± 1.52 93.0 ± 2.33 1.64 0.492 0.397
Root length (cm)
M35-1 64.9 ± 0.59 77.5 ± 0.96 19.33 0.011 13.41
SPV2217 155.0 ± 1.01 180.7 ± 0.98 16.62 0.015 13.88
IS18551 103.0 ± 0.85 87.1 ± 0.35 −18.25 0.012 24.39
Root volume (cm3)
M35-1 36.6 ± 3.96 43.0 ± 2.34 17.42 0.026 2.927
SPV2217 76.7 ± 1.10 88.0 ± 2.52 14.67 0.025 2.964
IS18551 43.6 ± 2.95 41.2 ± 1.11 −5.45 0.011 9.571
Root fresh weight (gm)
M35-1 65.4 ± 0.86 71.3 ± 0.55 18.19 0.01 11.32
SPV2217 69.0 ± 0.58 79.4 ± 0.98 15.08 0.015 12.43
IS18551 72.2 ± 0.54 61.2 ± 0.32 −7.09 0.011 9.85
Root dry weight (gm)
M35-1 8.3 ± 1.35 9.3 ± 3.28 12.35 0.003 4.32
SPV2217 11.7 ± 2.71 12.3 ± 2.87 4.91 0.202 5.17
IS18551 10.0 ± 1.49 10.1 ± 2.16 0.05 0.157 4.78
Number of secondary roots
M35-1 15.8 ± 1.58 20.8 ± 4.71 16.90 0.014 4.431
SPV2217 23.8 ± 1.83 25.5 ± 3.93 10.87 0.017 3.274
IS18551 23.3 ± 1.65 22.5 ± 1.47 −3.23 0.063 2.967
Shoot length (cm)
M35-1 115.3 ± 7.2 129.5 ± 7.69 12.36 0.025 4.333
SPV2217 212.0 ± 13.5 235.0 ± 12.9 10.85 0.016 7.534
IS18551 164.0 ± 10.5 169.5 ± 17.2 3.35 0.059 9.532
Number of leaves per plant
M35-1 09 ± 0.40 9.3 ± 0.51 2.78 0.134 1.732
SPV2217 11 ± 0.40 11.3 ± 0.54 2.27 0.235 1.543
IS18551 13 ± 0.86 13.5 ± 0.12 3.85 0.323 1.786
Shoot fresh weight (gm)
M35-1 151.6 ± 1.9 163.2 ± 1.3 7.65 0.032 4.928
SPV2217 217.6 ± 1.7 236.4 ± 2.5 8.64 0.023 1.206
IS18551 188.6 ± 1.2 199.8 ± 3.4 5.53 0.129 2.863
Shoot dry weight (gm)
M35-1 20.6 ± 0.08 22.8 ± 0.25 10.44 0.02 5.23
SPV2217 34.9 ± 0.27 37.5 ± 0.52 7.46 0.017 7.121
IS18551 25.8 ± 0.37 26.5 ± 0.51 2.81 0.204 4.439

Physio-biochemical screening of selected sorghum genotypes_ Total chlorophyll content was quantified in leaf tissue; EC and TDH activity were quantified in seeds; catalase and SOD enzyme activities were quantified in seedlings_ All biochemical assays were carried out in three replications and four independent experiments were used for an independent variable ‘T’ test analysis using SPSS – version 20_00 (T–tab_ 4_303)

Genotypes/parameters Ctr (1g) 1000g 1 hr. % change over control p-value t-stat.
Mean ± SEM Mean ± SEM
Total chlorophyll content (mg g−1 of tissue)
M35-1 2.20 ± 0.19 2.76 ± 0.04 25.87 0.017* 5.68
SPV2217 2.36 ± 0.07 2.67 ± 0.09 13.13 0.038* 4.80
IS18551 2.70 ± 0.11 3.05 ± 0.08 12.19 0.023* 8.87
Electrical conductivity (dS/m)
M35–1 0.29 ± 0.003 0.28 ± 0.080 −2.55 0.538 NS 0.70
SPV2217 0.36 ± 0.010 0.33 ± 0.005 −10.23 0.113 NS 2.34
IS18551 0.23 ± 0.010 0.21 ± 0.005 −10.56 0.221 NS 1.54
Total dehydrogenase (TDH)
M35-1 0.73 ± 0.02 0.89 ± 0.01 21.91 0.010* 8.80
SPV2217 0.74 ± 0.05 0.86 ± 0.03 16.87 0.030* 6.19
IS18551 0.81 ± 0.08 0.92 ± 0.05 14.71 0.020* 9.20
Catalase (U/ml of enzyme) of genotype M35-1
Root 5.867 ± 0.057 7.32 ± 0.168 24.76 0.008* 8.18
Shoot 5.65 ± 0.172 6.03 ± 0.245 6.72 0.282NS 1.26
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (U/ml of enzyme) of genotype M35-1
Root 1.41 ± 0.40 1.75 ± 0.071 24.11 0.023* 4.30
Shoot 2.08 ± 0.043 2.13 ± 0.08 2.4 0.589 NS 0.60

Hypergravity elicits robust phytohormone dynamics in the root, profiled on the final count (day 10) of sorghum seedlings_ Resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test using SPSS – version 20_00_

Hormones Phytohormones (ng/gm of tissue)
Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM 1000g 1 hr. Mean ±SEM % change over control p-value t-stat.
Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) 131 ± 1.54 179 ± 7.33 36.59 0.019 6.396
Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) 23.20 ± 0.39 41.81 ± 0.29 80.18 0.000 38.18
Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) 0.61 ± 0.03 0.54 ± 0.03 −10.30 0.271 1.278
Zeatin transe isomer 28.05 ± 0.68 2.58 ± 0.09 −90.81 0.001 37.12
Trans zeatin Riboside (ZR) 0.31 ± 0.02 0.40 ± 0.03 30.66 0.084 2.603
Gibberellic Acid 7 (GA7) 0.07 ± 0.00 0.05 ± 0.00 −21.51 0.058 2.858
Gibberellic Acid 4 (GA4) 3.13 ± 0.13 1.52 ± 0.09 −51.61 0.001 10.11
Gibberellic Acid 3 (GA3) 0.93 ± 0.03 0.41 ± 0.02 −55.75 0.000 15.30
Abscisic Acid (ABA) 2.37 ± 0.03 1.81 ± 0.06 −23.40 0.005 7.506
Salicylic Acid (SA) 1046 ± 22.06 1650 ± 46.16 57.73 0.002 11.80
Cis-Jasmonate (cis-JA) 22.35 ± 0.95 29.27 ±0.26 30.92 0.014 6.992
Methyl-Jasmonate 0.47 ± 0.01 0.87 ± 0.01 87.13 0.000 17.71

Changes in germination, root, and shoot growth characteristics of three selected sorghum genotypes under greenhouse conditions_ Hypergravity-induced (1000xg, 1 hr) changes in germination, root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling vigour index, seedling fresh weight (gm), seedling dry weight (gm) and phenotype recorded at seedling growth stage (10th-day) of sorghum grown in a greenhouse condition_ The resultant data was subjected to an independent sample t-test [N=96] using SPSS – version 20_00_

Genotypes Ctr (1g) Mean ± SEM 1000g 1 hr Mean ± SEM % change over control p-value t-stat.
Germination (%)
M35-1 87.8 ± 2.51 89.5 ± 1.15 1.99 0.145 0.361
SPV2217 96.5 ± 0.00 93.0 ± 2.33 −3.63 0.116 0.11
IS18551 93.5 ± 0.66 94.3 ± 3.00 0.80 0.139 0.108
Root length (cm)
M35-1 16.1 ± 0.46 18.5 ± 1.02 15.06 0.010 6.072
SPV2217 15.4 ± 0.82 17.5 ± 0.58 13.61 0.039 4.729
IS18551 16.7 ± 0.45 17.1 ± 0.27 2.55 0.138 1.961
Shoot length (cm)
M35-1 8.8 ± 0.41 10.0 ± 1.35 14.57 0.043 4.868
SPV2217 8.5 ± 1.44 9.4 ± 0.56 10.95 0.036 4.290
IS18551 10.1 ± 0.28 10.3 ± 0.95 1.49 0.079 5.307
Seedling vigour index (SVI)
M35-1 2195.1 ± 24.4 2558.8 ± 20.9 16.57 0.005 5.251
SPV2217 2422.0 ± 34.1 2662.7 ± 24.7 9.94 0.029 2.325
IS18551 2635.8 ± 29.9 2751.4 ± 33.4 4.39 0.074 1.504
Seedling fresh weight (gm)
M35-1 9.2 ± 0.25 10.4 ± 0.71 13.93 0.039 2.293
SPV2217 11.2 ± 0.52 12.3 ± 0.70 10.54 0.035 2.56
IS18551 10.6 ± 0.18 11.1 ± 0.23 5.20 0.053 2.527
Seedling dry weight (gm)
M35-1 1.29 ± 0.52 1.49 ± 0.60 15.56 0.028 0.293
SPV2217 1.88 ± 0.30 2.10 ± 0.48 12.00 0.034 0.644
IS18551 1.41 ± 0.35 1.47 ± 0.47 4.79 0.138 0.284

Seed Diameter and 100 Seed Weight Across Different Sorghum Genotypes_

Sl. No. Sorghum Genotypes Seed Diameter (mm) 100 Seed Weight (g)
1 SVD1418R 1.6 3.85
2 IS18551 1.3 2.67
3 SVD1358R 1.4 4.34
4 DSV4 1.5 3.55
5 LAKMAPUR LOCAL 1.5 3.10
6 SPV2217 1.6 4.15
7 M35-1 1.6 4.16
8 CSV 29R 1.5 3.52
9 KODMURKI LOCAL 1.4 3.35

Varied hypergravity intensities evaluated for root, shoot, and seedling vigor index of sorghum seedlings in laboratory conditions_ In each test group (Control, 20, 40, 80, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2500 and 5000g), four independent experimental groups of 30 seedlings in triplicate (30×3 = 90; 90×4 experiments = 360) were used for statistical analysis_ Resultant data was subjected to one-way ANOVA using SPSS – version 20_00_

Hyper g treatment Mean ± SEM % change over control p-value Cal. F CD (5 %) CV (%)
Germination (%)
Ctr (1g) 90.75±0.85 - - 4.20 3.15 2.37
20g 1 hr 90.75±1.43 0.00 1.000
40g 1 hr 90.75±1.25 0.00 1.000
80g 1 hr 94.75±0.25 4.41 0.221
100g 1 hr 87.75±0.25 −3.31 0.592
250g 1 hr 89.75±0.25 −1.10 0.999
500g 1 hr 92.5±0.64 1.93 0.970
1000g 1 hr 94.75±1.25 4.41 0.221
2500g 1 hr 91.5±1.71 0.83 1.000
5000g 1 hr 93.5±1.26 3.03 0.699
Shoot length (cm)
Ctr (1g) 12.52±0.04 - - 41.92 0.43 2.26
20g 1 hr 12.96±0.08 3.51 0.491
40g 1 hr 11.77±0.04 −5.99 0.024
80g 1 hr 12.99±0.12 3.77 0.394
100g 1 hr 13.28±0.04 6.07 0.211
250g 1 hr 13.07±0.08 4.43 0.200
500g 1 hr 12.47±0.05 −0.34 1.000
1000g 1 hr 15.32±0.17 22.38 0.011
2500g 1 hr 12.27±0.07 −2.00 0.959
5000g 1 hr 13.29±0.03 6.15 0.239
Root length (cm)
Ctr (1g) 19.53±0.35 - - 15.67 1.08 3.61
20g 1 hr 21.56±0.37 6.58 0.230
40g 1 hr 21.17±0.39 8.42 0.101
80g 1 hr 19.71±0.26 0.92 1.000
100g 1 hr 20.05±0.44 2.70 0.992
250g 1 hr 19.59±0.64 0.31 1.000
500g 1 hr 19.03±0.54 −2.56 0.994
1000g 1 hr 23.97±0.31 22.75 0.023
2500g 1 hr 19.61±0.34 0.41 1.000
5000g 1 hr 20.95±0.27 7.30 0.247
Seedling vigour index
Ctr (1g) 2918.0±22.13 - - 22.35 138.94 3.15
20g 1 hr 3043.0±41.23 4.28 0.171
40g 1 hr 2914.7±7.57 −0.11 1.000
80g 1 hr 3099.5±35.74 6.22 0.063
100g 1 hr 2850.7±40.23 −2.30 0.973
250g 1 hr 2980.5±20.43 2.14 0.974
500g 1 hr 2963.7±40.38 1.57 1.000
1000g 1 hr 3638.7±58.45 24.70 0.001
2500g 1 hr 2906.7±37.45 −0.39 1.000
5000g 1 hr 3117.7±27.98 6.85 0.059
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
2 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Nauki biologiczne, Nauki biologiczne, inne, Nauka o materiałach, Nauka o materiałach, inne, Fizyka, Fizyka, inne
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