Combustion (O2/air in) |
CxHyOz + O2 → CO+ H2O+ (heat)
{\rm{CO}} + {1 \over 2}{{\rm{O}}_2} \to {\rm{C}}{{\rm{O}}_2} + \left( {{\rm{heat}}} \right)
|
CO2, H2O, heat |
800–1200+ |
Meier et al., 2020; Ruff and Urban, 2016; Sutliff et al., 2002 |
Steam reforming (reduction process) |
CxHyOz + H2O + (heat) → CO+ H2CO+ H2O → CO2 + H2 +(heat) |
CO2, H2O, cracked hydrocarbons, char |
650–1000 |
Anthony and Hintze, 2014; Caraccio and Hintze, 2013; Caraccio et al., 2014 |
Gasification (heat input with O2 and steam) |
C+ H2O+ (heat) → CO + H2C+ 2H2O+ (heat) → CO2 + H2C+ CO2 + (heat) → 2COC+ 2H2→ CH2 + H2O |
CO, CO2, H2O, H2, CmHn, tar, char |
>400 |
Hintze et al., 2012; Meier et al., 2019 |
Pyrolysis (heat input/no O2) |
CxHyOz → CO+ H2 +(heat) |
CO, CO2, H2O, organic vapors, char |
200–650 |
Ewert et al., 2017; Fisher et al., 2018; Turner et al., 2014; Wheeler et al., 2012; Serio et al., 2014a; Wetzel et al., 2018; Wheeler et al., 2018 |
Torrefaction (heat input/no O2) |
Pyrolysis with biological materials |
Char |
200–350 |
Serio et al., 2014b, 2016, 2018, 2019 |