Lavender aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: a single-blind randomized clinical trial
Article Category: Original Article
Data publikacji: 03 sie 2022
Zakres stron: 233 - 239
Otrzymano: 30 kwi 2021
Przyjęty: 07 cze 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2022-0022
Słowa kluczowe
© 2022 Mohammad Nategh et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality in all countries. Extreme emotional stress situations such as anxiety or depression are linked to increased cardiovascular health risk.1,2 In Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients with depression and anxiety, the risk of death is increased.3 ACS patients who are admitted to the cardiac care units (CCU) frequently suffer from depression and anxiety. Recognizing these symptoms on admission is the key factor in the management of the disease.4 Depression and anxiety have been shown to increase mortality and morbidity and reduce health-related quality of life among patients with cardiovascular disease.5,6,7 Anti-anxiety and depression medications need to be prescribed by a physician.5 For example, antidepressant drugs in ACS patients are accompanied by adverse effects such as increased myocardial infarction (MI) and dysrhythmias.8 Benzodiazepines provide excellent effect against amnesia and cardiovascular safety, but they can cause significant hypotension in hemodynamic instability patients.9 Also, narcotics may have serious side effects such as respiratory depression, vomiting, urinary retention, and ileus.6 In addition to drug treatments for these patients, complementary therapies such as hydrotherapy, humor, illustration, massage, music, and relaxation can be used successfully as an alternative intervention.7
Aromatherapy is the use of essential volatile oils 10or aromas extracted from plants for therapeutic purposes.11 One of the most widely used essential oils in aromatherapy is lavender. Lavender has long been used as traditional medicine.12 Lavender is one of >20 herbs with antidepressant and anti-anxiety properties.13 A decrease in anxiety or depression has been reported in different studies following lavender prescription.5, 14,15,16,17 Also, aromatherapy with lavender has been studied in episiotomy, ’Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and cancer patients due to its sedative, hypnotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.16, 18
On the other hand, inhaled aromatherapy has a relaxant and antispasmodic effect.19 So it is helpful in symptom management of Gillian Barra disease.12 Lavender oil also has positive effects on reducing anxiety and stress when removing sheath in patients after coronary angiography.20 Also, studies show that lavender scent has positive effects on anxiety and depression in chemotherapy and hemodialysis patients.21,22 Given the public interest in herbal medicine in recent years, this study aimed to investigate the effects of lavender essential oil on anxiety and depression in patients with ACS who are admitted to the CCU.
This study is a single-blind randomized clinical trial in two groups in 2019 in the critical care unit of Namazi Hospital in Shiraz, Iran.
This study investigated the effect of Lavender aroma-therapy for alleviating anxiety and depression in patients with ACS. Participants were interviewed in different working shifts on the days of the week, and patients were selected if they were on the first day of admission in CCU. Considering 95% confidence interval, β = 80%, and the attrition bias, 55 subjects were enrolled in each group (
The inclusion criteria were having a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) score of >7, diagnosis of ACS, not using pacemakers, not using other complementary treatment (herbal remedies, traditional, or other therapies) in the previous week, no history of psychiatric disorders or being treated for anxiety and depression, no addiction, no history of asthma, eczema, and allergies to plants or any seasonal sensitivity, lack of olfactory disorders, and lack of cognitive deficits. Exclusion criteria included the grade 3 or 4 of heart failure and non-cardiac stressful situations (Figure 1). The data collection instrument was the demographic and clinical data sheet and HADS.
Figure 1
Consort flow diagram.
Patients were allocated into the intervention group based on drawn numbers (i.e., odd) and in the control group (i.e., even). The trained nurse who performed the intervention collected the data before and after the intervention and the patients were blind to the group allocations. Also, due to the rapid spread of the scent of lavender in the environment, the intervention was conducted at two completely separate CCU with quite similar physical conditions in the hospital for each group.
The duration of the intervention was 3 days for each patient, twice daily (morning and evening). After the first day of admission to the CCU and a half-hour before the intervention, HADS were filled out by patients (about 11 am). Then two drops of English lavender essence were dropped on non-absorbent three-ply tissue paper attached to the patient's shirt collar, and he/she was asked to breathe normally for 20 min.5,17 Then an hour later, the scale was completed for the second time. According to the previous studies, the mean effect time of lavender essential oil on anxiety was considered 9 h after the first prescription.17,23 Therefore, the tools were also completed after 8 h of intervention (at about 8 pm). Another prescription was at 10 pm, and HADS was given to the patients at 7 am the following days. This procedure was repeated the next day, and the measurements were performed at the end of the second day and in the morning of the third day. Depression and anxiety levels were measured seven times in 3 days by the HADS. In the control group, the aromatic almond oil was prescribed instead of lavender essential oil at a similar time as the intervention group.
The HADS is a self-report scale with 14 items designed to screen the presence and severity of patients’ anxiety and depression symptoms during the previous week. This scale takes <5 min to answer, and so it was suitable for the samples. The HADS has two subscales, including anxiety and depression, each of which comprises items rated on 4-point Likert scales. The total score between 0 and 42 with 0–14 was considered low, 15–28 considered moderate, and 29–42 were considered high. For each subscale (anxiety and depression), the scores ranged between 0 and 21, where 0–7 was considered low, 8–14 being moderate, while 15–21 was considered high.24 The Iranian version of HADS has acceptable reliability and validity to measure psychological distress among cancer patients.25 Afshar et al.26 in the study of depression and anxiety in Iranian elderly with heart failure, the reliability coefficient for HADS was calculated to be 0.73. Moradian et al.27 also used this questionnaire as a valid and reliable scale to measure anxiety and depression in coronary artery disease in Iran.
Lavender essential oil is prepared by the Department of Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory (Tehran University of Medical Sciences). To ensure its compound purity, the accuracy tests were performed by chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses.
Data analyses were conducted by statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, v.16) using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and analytic tests (Chi-squared,
Necessary permissions were obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of Shahed University (No. 41/175283) in Tehran, Iran. The researchers introduced him to patients, and written consent was obtained. Informed the study samples from the study's aim, being free to withdraw from the study at any time, the confidentiality of personal information, and the lack of adverse effects of Lavender essential oil.
Of the 110 patients, 52 patients (47/3%) were male and 58 were female (52/7%), and in that 55 patients (50%) were in the placebo group and 55 patients (50%) were in the control group. Two patients were excluded from the study due to allergies to essential oils. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups by gender, marital status, education, job, smoking, history of allergy, using complementary treatment before the intervention, underlying disease, previous hospitalization to CCU (Table 1). The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant differences in the mean of depression between the two groups before the intervention. But an hour after the intervention, there were significant differences (
Demographic characteristics of the intervention and control groups.
| Group | Intervention, |
Control |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.09 | |||
| Male | 43.6 | 50.9 | |
| Female | 56.4 | 49.1 | |
| 0.3 | |||
| Single | 21.8 | 10.9 | |
| Married | 52.7 | 54.5 | |
| Widow | 21.8 | 25.5 | |
| Divorced | 3.6 | 9.1 | |
| 0.08 | |||
| Literacy reading and writing | 36.4 | 29.1 | |
| Under high school diploma | 20.0 | 18.2 | |
| Diploma | 18.2 | 20 | |
| Academic | 21.8 | 12.7 | |
| Illiterate | 3.6 | 20 | |
| 0.8 | |||
| Employee | 16.4 | 12.7 | |
| Retired | 16.4 | 10.9 | |
| Homemaker | 25.5 | 27.3 | |
| Self-employed | 25.5 | 30.9 | |
| Other | 10.9 | 9.1 | |
| 0.7 | |||
| DM | 7.3 | 7.3 | |
| HTN | 16.4 | 23.6 | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 7.3 | 9.1 | |
| Rheumatic diseases | 0 | 1.8 | |
| MI | 10.9 | 12.7 | |
| CVA | 5.5 | 1.8 | |
| CABG | 5.5 | 3.6 | |
| 0.4 | |||
| Yes | 41.8 | 34.5 | |
| No | 58.2 | 65.5 |
Figure 2
Time trend of mean depression in the intervention and control groups.
Comparison of depression and anxiety in the intervention and control groups before and after the intervention.
| Measurement times | Intervention | Control | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before the first intervention | 11.6 ± 3 | 11.1 ± 2.8 | 0.35 |
| 1 h after the first intervention | 9.2 ± 3.1 | 10.5 ± 2.6 | 0.01 |
| 9 h after the first intervention | 8.8 ± 3.04 | 10.1 ± 2.6 | 0.025 |
| The second morning before the second intervention | 9.6 ± 2.9 | 10.2 ± 3.02 | 0.28 |
| 1 h after the second intervention | 7.4 ± 2.9 | 9.8 ± 2.76 | 0.001 |
| 9 h after the second intervention | 7.1 ± 3.01 | 9.2 ± 2.6 | 0.001 |
| Third day morning | 7.3 ± 3.06 | 8.6 ± 2.5 | 0.01 |
| |
0.001 | 0.001 | 0.017 |
| Before the first intervention | 11.9 ± 3.4 | 11.5 ± 2.6 | 0.49 |
| 1 h after the first intervention | 9.2 ± 3.4 | 11.03 ± 2.8 | 0.003 |
| 9 h after the first intervention | 8.9 ± 3.2 | 10.10 ± 2.7 | 0.025 |
| The second morning before the second intervention | 10.03 ± 3.07 | 10.6 ± 2.6 | 0.28 |
| 1 h after the second intervention | 7.14 ± 3.02 | 10 ± 2.6 | 0.001 |
| 9 h after the second intervention | 7.21 ± 3.02 | 8.74 ± 2.6 | 0.006 |
| Third day morning | 7.16 ± 2.7 | 8.49 ± 2.4 | 0.009 |
| |
0.001 | 0.001 | 0.023 |
Figure 3
Time trend of mean anxiety in the intervention and control groups.
This study investigated the effect of lavender aromatherapy on anxiety and depression among patients with ACS. The results confirm the effect of lavender on depression in patients with ACS. In this study, more reduction in depression was seen 1 h after the intervention; this finding can be related to this herb's immediate absorption and rapid effect. The rate of depression was >9 h after the intervention. Considering the depression rate in both intervention and control groups, we found rapid and sudden decline from Time 1 to Time 2 in the control group. Moving closer to the second time, the changes became slower. The second time measurements did not show a significant difference by the third time measurement, and vice versa. This change is slightly increased from the second to fourth measurements. As the results, measured changes were not significant between Time 4 and Time 2 but 1 h after the second day of the intervention. The changes were steeper compared with the first day, so it came closer to the baseline of depression score. Another finding was a highly significant difference between Time 4 and Time 5. This sequence of changes can be explained by the effects of herbal essence in different parts of the brain, specifically signaling pathways from the olfactory system to the central nervous system by molecular elements of aromatherapy and stimulation effects of neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and dopamine) to further regulating mood.28 As seen in the results, the mean changes in depression were very slow after Time 5 in the intervention group. But, in the control group, the declining trend was observed from the beginning to the end of the intervention. These findings imply the intervention groups have been reached the baseline of depression compared with the control group.
The findings indicate that aromatherapy inhalation significantly reduced anxiety and depression in patients with ACS. There are some investigations consistent with this study. For example, Hwang 23 found that aromatherapy with lavender essential oil effectively reduced anxiety.23 Cooke and Ernst29 reported that inhalation of essential oils might reduce anxiety. Kim et al.30 and Liu et al.31 lavender is effective in relieving stress. Fissler and Quante32 determined the effectiveness of lavender in patients with symptoms of anxiety, insomnia, and psychomotor agitation. Teymour et al. in determining the effects of inhalation of lavender essential oil on stress and anxiety during sheath take out in patients after coronary angiography show anxiety and stress in the lavender aromatherapy group are lower than the control group. However some studies such as in Louis and Kowalski's study, there was no improvement in cancer hospice patients’ anxiety levels after lavender oil aromatherapy.33
This study confirms the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy in reducing anxiety and depression in ACS patients. This study's results enable intensive care nurses to use aromatherapy with lavender oil as a non-pharmacological and cost-effective intervention to reduce their psychological tensions and increase patient satisfaction during hospitalization in the CCU.