Redefining the concept of professionalism in nursing: an integrative review

1 Gelman CR, González MJ. Reconsidering social work 100 years post-Flexner: where are we now, where are we headed, what has been gained, what has been lost? J Soc Work Educ. 2016;52:S1–S5. GelmanCR GonzálezMJ Reconsidering social work 100 years post-Flexner: where are we now, where are we headed, what has been gained, what has been lost? J Soc Work Educ 2016 52 S1 S5 10.1080/10437797.2016.1192932 Search in Google Scholar

2 Wynd CA. Current factors contributing to professionalism in nursing. J Prof Nurs. 2003;19:251–261. WyndCA Current factors contributing to professionalism in nursing J Prof Nurs 2003 19 251 261 10.1016/S8755-7223(03)00104-2 Search in Google Scholar

3 Sena B. Professionalization without autonomy: The Italian case of building the nursing profession. Prof Prof. 2017;7:e1900. SenaB Professionalization without autonomy: The Italian case of building the nursing profession Prof Prof 2017 7 e1900 10.7577/pp.1900 Search in Google Scholar

4 Miller BK, Adams D, Beck L. A behavioral inventory for professionalism in nursing. J Prof Nurs. 1993;9:290–295. MillerBK AdamsD BeckL A behavioral inventory for professionalism in nursing J Prof Nurs 1993 9 290 295 10.1016/8755-7223(93)90055-H Search in Google Scholar

5 Cruess RL, Cruess SR, Johnston SE. Professionalism: an ideal to be sustained. Lancet. 2000;356:156–159. CruessRL CruessSR JohnstonSE Professionalism: an ideal to be sustained Lancet 2000 356 156 159 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02458-2 Search in Google Scholar

6 Merriam-Webster Online. online dictionary: http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/professionalism; 2008. Professionalism. Merriam-Webster Online online dictionary: http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/professionalism; 2008 Professionalism Search in Google Scholar

7 Dehghani A, Salsali M, Cheraghi MA. Professionalism in Iranian nursing: Concept analysis. Int J Nurs knowledge. 2016;27:111–118. DehghaniA SalsaliM CheraghiMA Professionalism in Iranian nursing: Concept analysis Int J Nurs knowledge 2016 27 111 118 10.1111/2047-3095.1208225784268 Search in Google Scholar

8 Parandeh A, Khaghanizade M, Mohammadi E, Nouri JM. Factors influencing development of professional values among nursing students and instructors: a systematic review. Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7:284–293. ParandehA KhaghanizadeM MohammadiE NouriJM Factors influencing development of professional values among nursing students and instructors: a systematic review Glob J Health Sci 2015 7 284 293 10.5539/gjhs.v7n2p284479666725716397 Search in Google Scholar

9 Al-Eraky MM, Marei HF. Professionalism in medical education. Adv Health Prof Educ. 2015; 1:37–40. Al-ErakyMM MareiHF Professionalism in medical education Adv Health Prof Educ 2015 1 37 40 10.3109/0142159X.2015.1006604 Search in Google Scholar

10 Nemati S, Saberi A, Heidarzadeh A. Medical professionalism and its education to medical students. Res Med Educ. 2010;2:54–61. NematiS SaberiA HeidarzadehA Medical professionalism and its education to medical students Res Med Educ 2010 2 54 61 Search in Google Scholar

11 Ontario CoNo. Professional standards – revised 2002; 2009. Ontario CoNo Professional standards – revised 2002 2009 Search in Google Scholar

12 Wilkinson TJ, Wade WB, Knock LD. A blueprint to assess professionalism: results of a systematic review. Academic Med. 2009;84:551–55. WilkinsonTJ WadeWB KnockLD A blueprint to assess professionalism: results of a systematic review Academic Med 2009 84 551 55 10.1097/ACM.0b013e31819fbaa219704185 Search in Google Scholar

13 Hodges BD, Ginsburg S, Cruess R, et al. Assessment of professionalism: Recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 conference. Med Teach. 2011;33:354–363. HodgesBD GinsburgS CruessR Assessment of professionalism: Recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 conference Med Teach 2011 33 354 363 10.3109/0142159X.2011.57730021517683 Search in Google Scholar

14 Aiken LH, Sloane D, Griffiths P, et al. Nursing skill mix in European hospitals: cross-sectional study of the association with mortality, patient ratings, and quality of care. BMJ Qual Saf. 2017;26:559–568. AikenLH SloaneD GriffithsP Nursing skill mix in European hospitals: cross-sectional study of the association with mortality, patient ratings, and quality of care BMJ Qual Saf 2017 26 559 568 10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005567547766228626086 Search in Google Scholar

15 Akbari Kaji M, Farahani BF. The effect of nursing process education on nursing care quality of schizophrenic patients. FEYZ. 2011;15:35–40 (in Persian). Akbari KajiM FarahaniBF The effect of nursing process education on nursing care quality of schizophrenic patients FEYZ 2011 15 35 40 (in Persian). 10.1016/j.ijotn.2010.08.001 Search in Google Scholar

16 Fatehi R, Motalebi A, Azh N. Nurses’ and elderly's viewpoints regarding quality of nursing care in the educational hospitals of Sanandaj City. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2019;16:779–786 (in Persian). FatehiR MotalebiA AzhN Nurses’ and elderly's viewpoints regarding quality of nursing care in the educational hospitals of Sanandaj City J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac 2019 16 779 786 (in Persian). Search in Google Scholar

17 Gishu T, Weldetsadik AY, Tekleab AM. Patients’ perception of quality of nursing care; a tertiary center experience from Ethiopia. BMC Nurs. 2019;18:37. GishuT WeldetsadikAY TekleabAM Patients’ perception of quality of nursing care; a tertiary center experience from Ethiopia BMC Nurs 2019 18 37 10.1186/s12912-019-0361-z669462331427889 Search in Google Scholar

18 Khaki SEPS, Mashouf S. The relationship of ethical observance of nurses with quality of care from patients’ point of view. J Clin Nurs Midwifery. 2016;5:1–11 (in Persian). KhakiSEPS MashoufS The relationship of ethical observance of nurses with quality of care from patients’ point of view J Clin Nurs Midwifery 2016 5 1 11 (in Persian). 10.52547/ethicnurs.5.2.4 Search in Google Scholar

19 Neishabory MRN, Ghorbani R, Sadeghi T. Nurses’ and patients’ viewpoints regarding quality of nursing care in the teaching hospitals of Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Koomesh. 2011;12:134–144 (in Persian). NeishaboryMRN GhorbaniR SadeghiT Nurses’ and patients’ viewpoints regarding quality of nursing care in the teaching hospitals of Semnan University of Medical Sciences Koomesh 2011 12 134 144 (in Persian). Search in Google Scholar

20 Solomon Y, Beker J, Belachew T. Professionalism and its predictors among nurses working in Jimma Zone Public Hospitals, South West Ethiopia. J Nur Care. 2015;5:292. SolomonY BekerJ BelachewT Professionalism and its predictors among nurses working in Jimma Zone Public Hospitals, South West Ethiopia J Nur Care 2015 5 292 Search in Google Scholar

21 Walshe K. Adverse events in health care: issues in measurement. Q Health Care. 2000;9:47–52. WalsheK Adverse events in health care: issues in measurement Q Health Care 2000 9 47 52 10.1136/qhc.9.1.47174349510848370 Search in Google Scholar

22 Mohsenpour M, Hosseini M, Abbaszadeh A, Shahboulaghi FM, Khankeh H. Nursing error: an integrated review of the literature. Indian J Med Ethics. 2017;2:75–81. MohsenpourM HosseiniM AbbaszadehA ShahboulaghiFM KhankehH Nursing error: an integrated review of the literature Indian J Med Ethics 2017 2 75 81 10.20529/IJME.2017.02027959287 Search in Google Scholar

23 Amiri M, Khademian Z, Nikandish R. The effect of nurse empowerment educational program on patient safety culture: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med Educ. 2018;18:158. AmiriM KhademianZ NikandishR The effect of nurse empowerment educational program on patient safety culture: a randomized controlled trial BMC Med Educ 2018 18 158 10.1186/s12909-018-1255-6602902229970054 Search in Google Scholar

24 Jember A, Hailu M, Messele A, Demeke T, Hassen M. Proportion of medication error reporting and associated factors among nurses: a cross sectional study. BMC Nurs. 2018;17:9. JemberA HailuM MesseleA DemekeT HassenM Proportion of medication error reporting and associated factors among nurses: a cross sectional study BMC Nurs 2018 17 9 10.1186/s12912-018-0280-4584857129563855 Search in Google Scholar

25 Fantahun A, Demessie A, Gebrekirstos K, Zemene A, Yetayeh G. A cross sectional study on factors influencing professionalism in nursing among nurses in Mekelle Public Hospitals, North Ethiopia, 2012. BMC Nurs. 2014;13:1–7. FantahunA DemessieA GebrekirstosK ZemeneA YetayehG A cross sectional study on factors influencing professionalism in nursing among nurses in Mekelle Public Hospitals, North Ethiopia, 2012 BMC Nurs 2014 13 1 7 10.1186/1472-6955-13-10399213524708544 Search in Google Scholar

26 Whittemore R, Knafl K. The integrative review: updated methodology. J Advanc Nurs. 2005;52:546–553. WhittemoreR KnaflK The integrative review: updated methodology J Advanc Nurs 2005 52 546 553 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x16268861 Search in Google Scholar

27 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8:336–341. MoherD LiberatiA TetzlaffJ AltmanDG Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement Int J Surg 2010 8 336 341 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.00720171303 Search in Google Scholar

28 O’Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89:1245–1251. O’BrienBC HarrisIB BeckmanTJ ReedDA CookDA Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations Acad Med 2014 89 1245 1251 10.1097/ACM.000000000000038824979285 Search in Google Scholar

29 Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Internal Med. 2007;147:573–577. Von ElmE AltmanDG EggerM PocockSJ GøtzschePC VandenbrouckeJP The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies Ann Internal Med 2007 147 573 577 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318157765418049194 Search in Google Scholar

30 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62:e1–34. LiberatiA AltmanDG TetzlaffJ The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration J Clin Epidemiol 2009 62 e1 34 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.00619631507 Search in Google Scholar

31 Weis D, Schank MJ. An instrument to measure professional nursing values. J Nurs Scholar. 2000;32:201–204. WeisD SchankMJ An instrument to measure professional nursing values J Nurs Scholar 2000 32 201 204 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2000.00201.x10887722 Search in Google Scholar

32 Tanaka M, Taketomi K, Yonemitsu Y, Kawamoto R. Professional behaviours and factors contributing to nursing professionalism among nurse managers. J Nurs Manag. 2016;24:12–20. TanakaM TaketomiK YonemitsuY KawamotoR Professional behaviours and factors contributing to nursing professionalism among nurse managers J Nurs Manag 2016 24 12 20 10.1111/jonm.1226425355449 Search in Google Scholar

33 Shahriari M, Baloochestani E. Applying professional values: the perspective of nurses of Isfahan hospitals. J Med Ethic History Med. 2014;7:1–7. ShahriariM BaloochestaniE Applying professional values: the perspective of nurses of Isfahan hospitals J Med Ethic History Med 2014 7 1 7 Search in Google Scholar

34 Habibzadeh H, Ahmadi F, Vanaki Z. Facilitators and barriers to the professionalization of nursing in Iran. Int J Commun Base Nurs Midwif. 2013;1:16–25. HabibzadehH AhmadiF VanakiZ Facilitators and barriers to the professionalization of nursing in Iran Int J Commun Base Nurs Midwif 2013 1 16 25 Search in Google Scholar

35 Crowder EL. Historical perspectives of nursing's professionalism. Occup Health Nurs. 1985;33:184–190. CrowderEL Historical perspectives of nursing's professionalism Occup Health Nurs 1985 33 184 190 10.1177/2165079985033004043885111 Search in Google Scholar

36 Rassin M. Nurses’ professional and personal values. Nurs Ethic. 2008;15:614–630. RassinM Nurses’ professional and personal values Nurs Ethic 2008 15 614 630 10.1177/096973300809287018687816 Search in Google Scholar

37 Ghadirian F, Salsali M, Cheraghi MA. Nursing professionalism: an evolutionary concept analysis. Iran J Nurs Midwife Res. 2014;19:1–10. GhadirianF SalsaliM CheraghiMA Nursing professionalism: an evolutionary concept analysis Iran J Nurs Midwife Res 2014 19 1 10 Search in Google Scholar

38 Primm RD. Professionalism among occupational health nurses. AAOHN J. 2010;58:281–283. PrimmRD Professionalism among occupational health nurses AAOHN J 2010 58 281 283 10.1177/216507991005800702 Search in Google Scholar

39 Hershberger PJ, Zryd TW, Rodes MB, Stolfi A. Professionalism: self-control matters. Med Teach. 2010;32:e36–e41. HershbergerPJ ZrydTW RodesMB StolfiA Professionalism: self-control matters Med Teach 2010 32 e36 e41 10.3109/0142159090319967620095765 Search in Google Scholar

40 Lesser CS, Lucey CR, Egener B, Braddock CH, Linas SL, Levinson W. A behavioral and systems view of professionalism. JAMA. 2010;304:2732–2737. LesserCS LuceyCR EgenerB BraddockCH LinasSL LevinsonW A behavioral and systems view of professionalism JAMA 2010 304 2732 2737 10.1001/jama.2010.186421177508 Search in Google Scholar

41 Fisher M. A comparison of professional value development among pre-licensure nursing students in associate degree, diploma, and bachelor of science in nursing programs. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2014;35:37–42. FisherM A comparison of professional value development among pre-licensure nursing students in associate degree, diploma, and bachelor of science in nursing programs Nurs Educ Perspect 2014 35 37 42 10.5480/11-729.1 Search in Google Scholar

42 Li H, Ding N, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wen D. Assessing medical professionalism: a systematic review of instruments and their measurement properties. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0177321. LiH DingN ZhangY LiuY WenD Assessing medical professionalism: a systematic review of instruments and their measurement properties PLoS One 2017 12 e0177321 10.1371/journal.pone.0177321 Search in Google Scholar

43 Ozyazicioglu N, Surenler S. Determination of professional values in nursing students. Int J Car Sci. 2018;11:254. OzyaziciogluN SurenlerS Determination of professional values in nursing students Int J Car Sci 2018 11 254 Search in Google Scholar

44 Karadağ A, Hisar F, Baykara ZG, Çalışkan N, Karabulut H, Öztürk D. A longitudinal study on the effect of tailored training and counseling on the professional attitude of nursing students. J Profession Nurs. 2015;31:262–270. KaradağA HisarF BaykaraZG ÇalışkanN KarabulutH ÖztürkD A longitudinal study on the effect of tailored training and counseling on the professional attitude of nursing students J Profession Nurs 2015 31 262 270 10.1016/j.profnurs.2014.10.004 Search in Google Scholar

45 Hisar F, Karadağ A. Determining the professional behaviour of nurse executives. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010;16:335–341. HisarF KaradağA Determining the professional behaviour of nurse executives Int J Nurs Pract 2010 16 335 341 10.1111/j.1440-172X.2010.01849.x Search in Google Scholar

46 Kim-Godwin YS, Baek HC, Wynd CA. Factors influencing professionalism in nursing among Korean American registered nurses. J Profession Nurs. 2010;26:242–249. Kim-GodwinYS BaekHC WyndCA Factors influencing professionalism in nursing among Korean American registered nurses J Profession Nurs 2010 26 242 249 10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.12.007 Search in Google Scholar

47 Çelik B, Karadağ A, Hisar F. Instrument of professional attitude for student nurses (IPASN): a confirmatory factor analytic study. Nurs Educ Today. 2012;32:497–500. ÇelikB KaradağA HisarF Instrument of professional attitude for student nurses (IPASN): a confirmatory factor analytic study Nurs Educ Today 2012 32 497 500 10.1016/j.nedt.2011.06.008 Search in Google Scholar

48 Altiok H, Üstün B. Meaning of professionalism in nursing students. Am Int J Soc Sci. 2014;3:48–60. AltiokH ÜstünB Meaning of professionalism in nursing students Am Int J Soc Sci 2014 3 48 60 Search in Google Scholar

49 Lombarts KM, Plochg T, Thompson CA, Arah OA, Consortium DP. Measuring professionalism in medicine and nursing: results of a European survey. PloS ONE. 2014;9:e97069. LombartsKM PlochgT ThompsonCA ArahOA ConsortiumDP Measuring professionalism in medicine and nursing: results of a European survey PloS ONE 2014 9 e97069 10.1371/journal.pone.0097069 Search in Google Scholar

50 Svensson LG. New professionalism, trust and competence: some conceptual remarks and empirical data. Curr Sociol. 2006;54:579–593. SvenssonLG New professionalism, trust and competence: some conceptual remarks and empirical data Curr Sociol 2006 54 579 593 10.1177/0011392106065089 Search in Google Scholar

51 Lehna C, Pfoutz S, Peterson TG, et al. Nursing attire: indicators of professionalism? J Profession Nurs. 1999;15:192–199. LehnaC PfoutzS PetersonTG Nursing attire: indicators of professionalism? J Profession Nurs 1999 15 192 199 10.1016/S8755-7223(99)80041-6 Search in Google Scholar

52 Tanaka M, Yonemitsu Y, Kawamoto R. Nursing professionalism: a national survey of professionalism among Japanese nurses. Int J Nurs Pract. 2014;20:579–587. TanakaM YonemitsuY KawamotoR Nursing professionalism: a national survey of professionalism among Japanese nurses Int J Nurs Pract 2014 20 579 587 10.1111/ijn.1220124124895 Search in Google Scholar

53 Rhodes RL. Professionalism – a review of its impact on the health-services. Orthotic Prosthetic. 1984;38:69–74. RhodesRL Professionalism – a review of its impact on the health-services Orthotic Prosthetic 1984 38 69 74 Search in Google Scholar

54 De Braganca A, Nirmala R. Professionalism among nurses: a concept analysis. J Bus Manage Invent. 2017;6:60–66. De BragancaA NirmalaR Professionalism among nurses: a concept analysis J Bus Manage Invent 2017 6 60 66 Search in Google Scholar

55 Hintistan S, Topcuoglu B. Professionalism characteristics of nurses working in internal medicine clinics. Contin Educ. 2017;5:46–53. HintistanS TopcuogluB Professionalism characteristics of nurses working in internal medicine clinics Contin Educ 2017 5 46 53 10.13189/ujph.2017.050107 Search in Google Scholar

56 Balang R, Burton R. Professionalism: an enduring insight of the nursing profession in Malaysia. Scientific Cooperations International Workshops on Medical Topics, Ankara-TURKEY, 7–8 June 2014:44–49. BalangR BurtonR Professionalism: an enduring insight of the nursing profession in Malaysia Scientific Cooperations International Workshops on Medical Topics Ankara-TURKEY 7–8 June 2014 44 49 Search in Google Scholar

57 Konukbay D, Yildiz D, Eren FidancıB YS, Akyol M, Akbayrak N. Determination of professional behaviours of nurses working in an educational and research hospital. Int J Car Sci. 2014;7:633–641. KonukbayD YildizD Eren FidancıBYS AkyolM AkbayrakN Determination of professional behaviours of nurses working in an educational and research hospital Int J Car Sci 2014 7 633 641 Search in Google Scholar

58 Salem O, Zakari N, Al-Khamis N. Effect of conflict on nurses’ perceptions of their professionalism in various healthcare sectors in Saudi Arabia’. Med J Cairo Univ. 2009;77:217–224. SalemO ZakariN Al-KhamisN Effect of conflict on nurses’ perceptions of their professionalism in various healthcare sectors in Saudi Arabia’ Med J Cairo Univ 2009 77 217 224 Search in Google Scholar

59 Alidina K. Professionalism in post-licensure nurses in developed countries. J Nurs Educ Practic. 2013;3:128. AlidinaK Professionalism in post-licensure nurses in developed countries J Nurs Educ Practic 2013 3 128 10.5430/jnep.v3n5p128 Search in Google Scholar

60 Hwang JI, Lou F, Han S, Cao F, Kim W, Li P. Professionalism: the major factor influencing job satisfaction among Korean and Chinese nurses. Int Nurs Rev. 2009;56:313–318. HwangJI LouF HanS CaoF KimW LiP Professionalism: the major factor influencing job satisfaction among Korean and Chinese nurses Int Nurs Rev 2009 56 313 318 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009.00710.x19702804 Search in Google Scholar

61 Manojlovich M, Ketefian S. The effects of organizational culture on nursing professionalism: implications for health resource planning. Can J Nurs Res Arch. 2002;33:15–34. ManojlovichM KetefianS The effects of organizational culture on nursing professionalism: implications for health resource planning Can J Nurs Res Arch 2002 33 15 34 Search in Google Scholar

62 Karadağ A, Hisar F, Elbaş NÖ. The level of professionalism among nurses in Turkey. J Nurs Scholar. 2007;39:371–374. KaradağA HisarF ElbaşNÖ The level of professionalism among nurses in Turkey J Nurs Scholar 2007 39 371 374 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00195.x18021139 Search in Google Scholar

63 Dikmen Y, Karataş H, Arslan GG, Ak B. The level of professionalism of nurses working in a hospital in Turkey. J Car Sci. 2016;5:95–102. DikmenY KarataşH ArslanGG AkB The level of professionalism of nurses working in a hospital in Turkey J Car Sci 2016 5 95 102 10.15171/jcs.2016.010492384227354973 Search in Google Scholar

64 LaSala KB, Nelson J. What contributes to professionalism? Medsurg Nurs. 2005;14:63–67. LaSalaKB NelsonJ What contributes to professionalism? Medsurg Nurs 2005 14 63 67 10.12968/bjon.2005.14.2.17432 Search in Google Scholar

65 Schönrock-Adema J, Heijne-Penninga M, Van Duijn MA, Geertsma J, Cohen-Schotanus J. Assessment of professional behaviour in undergraduate medical education: peer assessment enhances performance. Med Educ. 2007;41:836–842. Schönrock-AdemaJ Heijne-PenningaM Van DuijnMA GeertsmaJ Cohen-SchotanusJ Assessment of professional behaviour in undergraduate medical education: peer assessment enhances performance Med Educ 2007 41 836 842 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02817.x17696986 Search in Google Scholar

66 Tabatabi A, Abbaszadeh A, Mohmadnejad E. Nursing and professionalism: perception of cardiac care unit nurses. J Qual Res Health Sci. 2015;4:86–96. TabatabiA AbbaszadehA MohmadnejadE Nursing and professionalism: perception of cardiac care unit nurses J Qual Res Health Sci 2015 4 86 96 Search in Google Scholar

67 Jafaraghaee F, Mehrdad N, Parvizy S. Barriers and facilitators of nursing professional commitment: a qualitative study. Iran J Nurs Res. 2015; 9:87–100. JafaraghaeeF MehrdadN ParvizyS Barriers and facilitators of nursing professional commitment: a qualitative study Iran J Nurs Res 2015 9 87 100 Search in Google Scholar

68 Nikbakht Nasrabadi A, ParsaYekta Z, Saif H, Rasoulzadeh N. Nurses’ professionalization experiences in entering the clinical nursing stage in Iran. Hayat J. 2006;11:5–18. Nikbakht NasrabadiA ParsaYektaZ SaifH RasoulzadehN Nurses’ professionalization experiences in entering the clinical nursing stage in Iran Hayat J 2006 11 5 18 Search in Google Scholar

69 Ravanipour M, Vanaki Z, Afshar L, Azemian A. The standards of professionalism in nursing: the nursing instructors’experiences. Evid Base Care Quarter. 2014;4:17–40. RavanipourM VanakiZ AfsharL AzemianA The standards of professionalism in nursing: the nursing instructors’experiences Evid Base Care Quarter 2014 4 17 40 Search in Google Scholar

70 Afshar M, Gandomani H, Alavi N. Exploring barriers to promotion of professional empowerment from the perspectives of nurses working in surgical ward of Kashan Shahid Beheshti hospital: a qualitative study. Iran J Rehab Res Nurs. 2018;5:1–10. AfsharM GandomaniH AlaviN Exploring barriers to promotion of professional empowerment from the perspectives of nurses working in surgical ward of Kashan Shahid Beheshti hospital: a qualitative study Iran J Rehab Res Nurs 2018 5 1 10 Search in Google Scholar

71 Allari R. Nursing professional values scale: psychometric properties of Arabic version. Int J Recent Scientific Res. 2016;7:13240–13244. AllariR Nursing professional values scale: psychometric properties of Arabic version Int J Recent Scientific Res 2016 7 13240 13244 Search in Google Scholar

72 Rowland AW. What is professionalism? The validation of a comprehensive model of professionalism. Master These Special Project. 2016:1741. RowlandAW What is professionalism? The validation of a comprehensive model of professionalism Master These Special Project. 2016 1741 Search in Google Scholar

73 Chitty KK, Black BP. Professional nursing: concepts & challenges. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. ChittyKK BlackBP Professional nursing: concepts & challenges St. Louis Elsevier Saunders 2011 Search in Google Scholar

74 Tanaka M, Taketomi K, Yonemitsu Y, Kawamoto R. An international comparison of professional behaviors among nurse leaders in the USA and Japan. Int J Nurs Clin Pract. 2015;2:113. TanakaM TaketomiK YonemitsuY KawamotoR An international comparison of professional behaviors among nurse leaders in the USA and Japan Int J Nurs Clin Pract 2015 2 113 10.15344/2394-4978/2015/113 Search in Google Scholar

75 Heshmati Nabavi F, Rajabpour M, Hoseinpour Z, et al. Comparison of nursing students’ professional behavior to nurses employed in Mashhad University of medical sciences. Iran J Med Educ. 2014;13:809–819. Heshmati NabaviF RajabpourM HoseinpourZ Comparison of nursing students’ professional behavior to nurses employed in Mashhad University of medical sciences Iran J Med Educ 2014 13 809 819 Search in Google Scholar

76 Karadağ A, Hisar F, Çelik B, Baykara ZG. Determining professionalism in Turkish students nurses. J Human Sci. 2016;13:674–682. KaradağA HisarF ÇelikB BaykaraZG Determining professionalism in Turkish students nurses J Human Sci 2016 13 674 682 10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.2976 Search in Google Scholar