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The effect of application of effluent water on sage (Salvia officinalis L.) yield and quality in lysimeters

Noémi J. Valkovszki
Noémi J. Valkovszki
, 
Mihály Jancsó
Mihály Jancsó
, 
Árpád Székely
Árpád Székely
, 
Tímea Szalóki
Tímea Szalóki
, 
Ildikó Kolozsvári
Ildikó Kolozsvári
, 
Szilvia Tavaszi-Sárosi
Szilvia Tavaszi-Sárosi
 oraz 
Ágnes Kun
Ágnes Kun
   | 26 cze 2023
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Article Category: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Data publikacji: 26 cze 2023
Zakres stron: 163 - 177
Otrzymano: 04 lip 2022
Przyjęty: 20 mar 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0013
Słowa kluczowe
© 2023 Noémi J. Valkovszki et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1.

The meteorological data of growing seasons in 2020 and 2021. (A) Sum of monthly precipitation (mm), and (B) the average temperature (°C). The average of 30 years is shown as a reference line.
The meteorological data of growing seasons in 2020 and 2021. (A) Sum of monthly precipitation (mm), and (B) the average temperature (°C). The average of 30 years is shown as a reference line.

Figure 2.

The yield results (biomass and fresh and dry leaves’ weight [g · plant−1]) of sage in 2020–2021.
The yield results (biomass and fresh and dry leaves’ weight [g · plant−1]) of sage in 2020–2021.

Figure 3.

The essential oil content (mL · 100 g−1 d.m.) of sage from the September harvest under different irrigation treatments in 2020 and 2021.
The essential oil content (mL · 100 g−1 d.m.) of sage from the September harvest under different irrigation treatments in 2020 and 2021.

Figure 4.

PCAs with two extracted factors. (A) shows the difference between years, where the first component explained 55.56% of the total variance, and the second one 44.44%. (B) represents the difference among treatments, where the first component explained 50.29% of the total variance, and the second one 31.15%. PCAs, principal component analyses.
PCAs with two extracted factors. (A) shows the difference between years, where the first component explained 55.56% of the total variance, and the second one 44.44%. (B) represents the difference among treatments, where the first component explained 50.29% of the total variance, and the second one 31.15%. PCAs, principal component analyses.

Soil properties (corresponding to samples drawn from soil depths of 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm) (Szarvas, 2020).

Soil depth (cm) pH (KCl) Sludge (%) All water soluble salts (m · m%−1) Total carbonate content (m · m%−1) Humus (m · m%−1) Nitrite + Nitrate-N (KCl) P2O5 (AL) (ppm) K2O (AL) (ppm) Na (AL) (ppm)
0–30 6.86 70–80 0.08 <0.50 1.87 9.62 706.75 405.67 277.17
30–60 6.36 80 0.08 <0.50 1.95 8.38 394.17 350.75 280.00

The components of the essential oil of sage from the September harvest in 2021.

Components of essential oil (%) Irr1 Irr2 Irr3
Hydrocarbon monoterpenes
α-Pinene 2.44 ± 0.62 a 2.87 ± 1.12 a 4.04 ± 0.96 a
Camphene* 2.94 ± 0.87 a 3.54 ± 1.01 ab 5.45 ± 1.31 b
Sabinene 0.10 ± 0.04 a 0.10 ± 0.03 a 0.09 ± 0.04 a
β-Pinene 1.26 ± 0.46 a 1.53 ± 0.41 1.80 ± 0.36 a
β-Myrcene 0.65 ± 0.13 a 0.70 ± 0.07 a 0.72 ± 0.07 a
α-Terpinene 0.05 ± 0.10 a 0.06 ± 0.07 a 0.15 ± 0.04 a
Limonene 1.48 ± 0.20 a 1.54 ± 0.10 a 1.80 ± 0.17 a
γ-Terpinene 0.30 ± 0.06a 0.33 ± 0.06 a 0.33 ± 0.08 a
α-Thujene 0.10 ± 0.05 a 0.13 ± 0.04 a 0.15 ± 0.05 a
α-Terpinolene 0.22 ± 0.14 a 0.21 ± 0.06 a 0.28 ± 0.13 a
p-Cymene 0.29 ± 0.07 a 0.27 ± 0.06 a 0.27 ± 0.03 a
Oxygenated monoterpenes
Trans-sabinene hydrate 0.17 ± 0.05 a 0.15 ± 0.05 a 0.14 ± 0.04 a
Cis-sabinene hydrate 0.16 ± 0.05 a 0.13 ± 0.03 a 0.12 ± 0.03 a
1,8-Cineol 7.72 ± 1.06 a 9.78 ± 0.86 a 8.58 ± 1.65 a
Linalool 0.28 ± 0.06 a 0.27 ± 0.09 a 0.30 ± 0.07 a
α-Thujone 30.37 ± 2.95 a 29.92 ± 3.96 a 26.13 ± 4.95 a
β-Thujone 10.93 ± 1.17 a 8.01 ± 4.52 a 7.94 ± 5.56 a
Iso-3-thujanol 0.16 ± 0.07 a 0.09 ± 0.06 a 0.07 ± 0.07 a
Trans-sabinol* 0.17 ± 0.02 b 0.08 ± 0.06 a 0.10 ± 0.03 ab
Camphor 21.90 ± 3.61 a 23.16 ± 2.17 a 24.03 ± 4.36 a
Isoborneol 2.22 ± 0.15 a 2.14 ± 0.46 a 2.20 ± 0.62 a
Terpinene-4-ol 0.3 ± 0.06 a 0.27 ± 0.08 a 0.26 ± 0.02 a
α-Terpineol 0.15 ± 0.07 a 0.17 ± 0.07 a 0.13 ± 0.01 a
Isobornil-acetate 1.42 ± 0.33 a 1.39 ± 0.26 a 1.97 ± 0.96 a
Trans-sabinil-acetate 0.23 ± 0.09 a 0.18 ± 0.03 a 0.19 ± 0.02 a
Hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes
β-Caryophyllene 1.82 ± 0.41 a 2.16 ± 0.73 a 0.14 ± 0.48 a
α-Humulene 3.53 ± 1.63 a 3.37 ± 0.38 a 2.80 ± 0.84 a
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes
Ledol 6.61 ± 2.04 a 5.83 ± 1.14 a 6.77 ± 1.36 a
Caryophyllene-oxide* 0.66 ± 0.24 b 0.25 ± 0.17 a 0.28 ± 0.14 a
Humulene-oxide II 0.51 ± 0.36 a 0.64 ± 0.62 a 1.02 ± 1.20 a

The nutrient content (N, P, K and Na content, mg · kg−1) of sage leaf from the September harvest in 2020.

Treatment N (mg · kg−1) P (mg · kg−1) K (mg · kg−1) Na (mg · kg−1)
Irr1 2.55 ± 0.16 b 2,950.00 ± 340.49 a 30,357.50 ± 1431.40 a 499.75 ± 42.79 c
Irr2 2.53 ± 0.37 b 2,970.00 ± 677.00 a 28,527.50 ± 1,133.94 a 352.50 ± 42.30 b
Irr3 1.90 ± 0.18 a 2,165.81 ± 596.52 a 29,525.00 ± 1,648.22 a 199.00 ± 8.52 a

Yield (biomass and fresh and dry leaves’ weight) results of sage (g · m−2) in 2020–2021.

Irr1 Irr2 Irr3
2020 Biomass(g · m−2) 2,146.84 ± 477.37 1,619.6 ± 525.97 1,467.6 ± 330.84
Fresh leaves’ weight(g · m−2) 1,518.52 ± 326.18 1,199.48 ± 380.23 1,055.88 ± 248.94
Dry leaves’ weight(g · m−2) 399.04 ± 72.44 316.4 ± 119.14 292.96 ± 61.68
2021 Biomass(g · m−2) 1,413.00 ± 653.51 1,771.24 ± 596.57 1,688.76 ± 217.99
Fresh leaves’ weight(g · m−2) 1,131.04 ± 487.73 1,324.72 ± 396.48 1,223.75 ± 150.30
Dry leaves’ weight(g · m−2) 337.72 ± 132.49 343.28 ± 92.34 357.84 ± 42.82

The results of Pearson’s correlation: the correlation of the total nitrogen content of irrigation water with the plant diameter, shoot length, SPAD value, yield, macronutrient, Na concentration and essential oil content in 2020 and 2021.

Pearson’s correlation Plant diameter Shoot length SPAD value Biomass Fresh leaves’ weight Dry leaves’ weight
Total Nitrogen of irrigation water 2020 0.17 0.14 0.28 0.58** 0.55** 0.50**
2021 0.33* 0.35* 0.27 0.43** 0.48** 0.40**
Average of 2020–2021 0.17 0.07 0.27** 0.25* 0.27** 0.32**
N content of leaves Phosphorus content of leaves Potassium content of leaves Na content of leaves Essential oil content
Total Nitrogen of irrigation water 2020 0.62* −0.17 0.32 0.95** −0.23
2021 0.45 −0.71** −0.42 0.36 −0.71
Average of 2020–2021 0.51* −0.48* −0.78 0.28 −0.33

The results of ANOVA of different traits, showing the SS, df, MS, F test and the level of significance of 16 replications, three treatments and 2 years.

SS df MS F Sig.
PH Treatment Hypothesis 136.90 2.00 68.45 4.55 0.01
Error 1,384.20 92.00 15.046
Year Hypothesis 2,847.08 1.00 2,847.08 189.23 0.00
Error 1,384.20 92.00 15.046
Plant diameter Treatment Hypothesis 142.32 2.00 71.16 2.26 0.11
Error 2,898.97 92.00 31.511
Year Hypothesis 1,402.86 1.00 1,402.86 44.52 0.00
Error 2,898.97 92.00 31.511
SPAD Treatment Hypothesis 87.21 2.00 43.60 7.56 0.00
Error 525.14 91.00 5.771
Year Hypothesis 12.09 1.00 12.09 2.10 0.15
Error 525.14 91.00 5.771
Biomass Treatment Hypothesis 41,055.81 2.00 20,527.91 1.15 0.32
Error 1,637,675.00 92.00 17,800.815
Year Hypothesis 21,723.18 1.00 21,723.18 1.22 0.27
Error 1,637,675.00 92.00 17,800.815
Fresh leaves’ weight Treatment Hypothesis 35,391.14 2.00 17,695.57 2.09 0.13
Error 780,460.39 92.00 8,483.265
Year Hypothesis 1,483.50 1.00 1,483.50 0.17 0.68
Error 780,460.39 92.00 8,483.265
Dry leaves’ weight Treatment Hypothesis 2,234.23 2.00 1,117.12 1.97 0.15
Error 52,152.62 92.00 566.876
Year Hypothesis 154.28 1.00 154.28 0.27 0.60
Error 52,152.62 92.00 566.876
Essential oil content Treatment Hypothesis 0.35 2.00 0.17 3.96 0.04
Error 0.87 20.00 0.044
Year Hypothesis 1.65 1.00 1.65 37.70 0.00
Error 0.87 20.00 0.044

The nutrient content (N, P, K and Na content, mg × kg−1) of sage leaf from the September harvest in 2021.

Treatment N (mg · kg−1) P (mg · kg−1) K (mg · kg−1) Na (mg · kg−1)
Irr1 2.36 ± 0.36 a 2,750.00 ± 454.83 a 235,02.57 ± 1678.22 a 430.50 ± 29.29 a
Irr2 2.24 ± 0.32 a 3,327.50 ± 334.60 ab 24,905.00 ± 1,103.86 a 397.00 ± 112.42 a
Irr3 2.03 ± 0.09 a 3,650.00 ± 465.47 b 24,695.00 ± 1,278.27 a 374.80 ± 21.31 a

The effects of different water qualities on plant properties of sage in 2020–2021.

Treatment PH (cm) Plant diameter (cm) SPAD value
2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021
Irr1 38.66 ± 4.06 b 23.83 ± 3.60 a 54.25 ± 4.17 a 43.29 ± 7.47 a 38.46 ± 1.96 b 37.99 ± 2.77 b
Irr2 33.47 ± 4.38 a 25.64 ± 3.20 ab 49.08 ± 4.38 a 43.59 ± 5.34 a 36.98 ± 2.30 ab 32.47 ± 4.55 a
Irr3 37.47 ± 3.75 b 27.46 ± 2.38 b 51.56 ± 2.70 a 47.18 ± 3.73 a 36.31 ± 3.01 a 35.77 ± 1.63 ab

Characteristic properties of irrigation water (2020–2021).

Characteristics of irrigation water 2020 2021
Effluent water Körös-oxbow water Effluent water Körös-oxbow water
Temperature of water (in laboratory) (°C) 28.00 24.60 20.00 16.60
pH (in laboratory) 8.18 7.67 7.88 7.67
Specific electric conductivity (20 °C) (μS · cm−1) 1,370.00 412.00 1,380.00 329.00
Total alkalinity (p-alkalinity) (mmol · L−1) <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10
Total alkalinity (m-alkalinity) (mmol · L−1) 16.50 3.64 16.70 2.79
Carbonate (mg · L −1) <6.00 <6.00 <6.00 <6.00
Bicarbonate (mg · L −1) 1,004.00 222.00 1,016.00 170.00
Ammonium ion (mg · L −1) 38.10 1.33 36.10 0.45
Ammonium-N (mg · L −1) 29.60 1.04 28.00 0.35
Nitrite ion (mg · L −1) 0.33 0.09 0.26 0.10
Nitrite-N (mg · L −1) 0.10 0.03 0.08 0.03
Nitrate ion (mg · L −1) <0.44 3.88 <0.44 2.80
Nitrate-N (mg · L −1) <0.10 0.88 <0.10 0.63
Total N (mg · L −1) 35.30 2.34 40.60 1.69
Orthophosphate ion (mg · L −1) 0.44 0.45 4.88 0.17
Orthophosphate-P (mg · L −1) 1.45 0.15 1.59 0.06
Total P (mg · L −1) 2.54 0.21 3.68 0.07
Chloride (mg · L −1) 33.70 26.80 33.50 20.90
Sulphate (mg · L −1) 57.90 27.40 62.40 33.50
Total floating matter (mg · L −1) 72.00 3.00 80.00 6.00
Sodium (mg · L −1) 282.00 42.60 276.00 22.60
Potassium (mg · L −1) 6.72 3.09 6.51 3.00
Calcium (mg · L −1) 14.80 34.50 18.80 47.10
Magnesium (mg · L −1) 7.53 8.15 8.30 8.57
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