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Bioindication of megalopolis park ecosystems under aerotechnogenic loading

Nataliia Miroshnyk
Nataliia Miroshnyk
, 
Tetiana Grabovska
Tetiana Grabovska
, 
Marina Mazura
Marina Mazura
 oraz 
Igor Teslenko
Igor Teslenko
   | 11 mar 2022
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Article Category: Original Article
Data publikacji: 11 mar 2022
Zakres stron: 15 - 37
Otrzymano: 23 cze 2021
Przyjęty: 28 sty 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0003
Słowa kluczowe
© 2022 Nataliia Miroshnyk et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Location of observation and measurement points, relief and altitude, where: 1 – park named after Pushkin, 2 – Mariinsky park, 3 – Syretsky park, 5 – Pushcha-Vodytsya (park), 6 – NBG named after Hrishko, 7 – Lysa Mountain, 9 – Nyvky park, 10 – Peremoha park, 12 – park of Partisan Glory; 14 – Park of Eternal Glory, 15 – Babyn Yar, 16 – Feofania park, 17 – park DSHK, 18 – Holosiivskyi NNP, 19c – Camera 19, 20c – Camera 20. 4, 8, 11, 13, points did not have cameras; NNP – national nature park
Location of observation and measurement points, relief and altitude, where: 1 – park named after Pushkin, 2 – Mariinsky park, 3 – Syretsky park, 5 – Pushcha-Vodytsya (park), 6 – NBG named after Hrishko, 7 – Lysa Mountain, 9 – Nyvky park, 10 – Peremoha park, 12 – park of Partisan Glory; 14 – Park of Eternal Glory, 15 – Babyn Yar, 16 – Feofania park, 17 – park DSHK, 18 – Holosiivskyi NNP, 19c – Camera 19, 20c – Camera 20. 4, 8, 11, 13, points did not have cameras; NNP – national nature park

Figure 2

Assessment of the PE state compared to control (PE 5 – Pushcha-Vodytsya park)
Assessment of the PE state compared to control (PE 5 – Pushcha-Vodytsya park)

Figure 3

Amount of air pollutants’ emissions (mg/m3) from vehicles and distribution by prevailing wind directions,%
Amount of air pollutants’ emissions (mg/m3) from vehicles and distribution by prevailing wind directions,%

Figure 4

HI of air pollutants from vehicles (HI – hazard index)
HI of air pollutants from vehicles (HI – hazard index)

Figure 5

Number of cars per hour
Number of cars per hour

Figure 6

Clustering of PE in Kyiv by concentrations of air pollutants. A – NOx concentration in the air, mg/m3; B – concentration of SO2 in the air, mg/m3
Clustering of PE in Kyiv by concentrations of air pollutants. A – NOx concentration in the air, mg/m3; B – concentration of SO2 in the air, mg/m3

Figure 7

Clustering of PEs according to the parameters of air pollutants: A – cars per hour and B – HI (PE – park ecosystem, HI – hazard index)
Clustering of PEs according to the parameters of air pollutants: A – cars per hour and B – HI (PE – park ecosystem, HI – hazard index)

Figure 8

PCA using integrated indices for the PE state(PCA – principal component analysis, PE – park ecosystem)
PCA using integrated indices for the PE state(PCA – principal component analysis, PE – park ecosystem)

Figure 9

Pollen of Taraxacum officinale in the conditions of Kyiv: 1 – fertile pollen grain (38.2 μm); 2 – sterile pollen grain (24.8 μm); 3 – pollen gigantism (51.1 μm); 4 – pollen dwarfism (17.8 μm); 5 – anomalies of the shell (A – torn, B – crumpled)
Pollen of Taraxacum officinale in the conditions of Kyiv: 1 – fertile pollen grain (38.2 μm); 2 – sterile pollen grain (24.8 μm); 3 – pollen gigantism (51.1 μm); 4 – pollen dwarfism (17.8 μm); 5 – anomalies of the shell (A – torn, B – crumpled)

Figure 10

Indices of pollen variability in Kyiv by Taraxacum officinale (PEs are arranged in ascending order of air pollutant concentration, mg/m3). Mean values differ significantly in the Student's t-test (P < 0.05) (HI – hazard index, PE – park ecosystem)
Indices of pollen variability in Kyiv by Taraxacum officinale (PEs are arranged in ascending order of air pollutant concentration, mg/m3). Mean values differ significantly in the Student's t-test (P < 0.05) (HI – hazard index, PE – park ecosystem)

The value of integrated indices (environmental indicators) of the PE state

Index Hstr W Ic Inv Concentration NOx, mg/m3 HI
Very good >2.47 9.26–12.00 1.00–1.50 >8.67 <0.020 <1.060
Good 2.21–2.46 6.51–9.25 1.51–2.50 5.79–8.67 0.021–0.040 1.061–2.121
Satisfactory 1.97–2.20 3.76–6.50 2.51–3.50 2.90–5.78 0.041–0.060 2.122–3.181
Bad <1.96 1.0–3.75 3.51–4.50 <2.89 0.061–0.08 3.182–4.242
Very bad – – 4.51–6.00 – >0.081 >4.242

Correlation of the investigated PE parameters

P Is Mt L Nt W Hstr Inv D Number of cars per hour C [mg/m3] HI
P 1
Is −0.46 1
Mt 0.09 0.13 1
L −0.37 0.46 0.41 1
Nt 0.52 −0.33 −0.01 −0.62 1
W 0.54 0.27 0.18 0.05 0.25 1
Hstr 0.46 0.13 0.40 0.31 0.21 0.48 1
Inv 0.38 0.12 0.03 −0.30 0.42 0.75 0.03 1
D 0.26 −0.21 −0.46 −0.21 0.24 0.12 −0.06 0.20 1
Number of cars per hour 0.59 −0.21 −0.19 −0.36 0.27 0.45 0.02 0.44 0.75 1
C [mg/m3] 0.34 0.00 −0.24 −0.58 0.23 0.26 −0.16 0.54 0.49 0.72 1
HI 0.29 −0.04 −0.26 −0.57 0.19 0.16 –0.21 0.45 0.51 0.72 0.99 1

Correlation of air pollution and pollen indication

Distance to the road [m] Number of cars per hour V by amount of S [%] S [%] T [%] CID Inv C [mg/m3] HI
Distance to the road [m] 1.00
Number of cars per hour 0.21 1.00
V by amount of S [%] 0.57 0.80 1.00
S [%] −0.78 0.36 −0.14 1.00
T [%] −0.78 0.40 −0.11 0.99 1.00
CID −0.75 0.41 −0.11 1.00 1.00 1.00
Inv 0.17 0.68 0.84 0.15 0.16 0.16 1.00
C [mg/m3] −0.25 0.89 0.48 0.72 0.76 0.76 0.53 1.00
HI −0.29 0.86 0.44 0.76 0.80 0.80 0.49 1.00 1.00

Assessment of air quality in Kyiv

Air pollutants Actual average annual concentrations for 20191 [mg/m3] The average daily concentration, our calculations [mg/m3] MACa.d. [mg/m3] for humans2 MACa.d.3 for plants
NOx converted to NO2 0.14400 0.0570 0.0400 0.020
SO2 0.07500 0.0039 0.0500 0.015
Formaldehyde 0.00560 0.0006 0.0030 0.003
Saturated hydrocarbons (CnHm) – 0.0754 0.0500 0.140
Soot (CnH) 0.03500 0.0005 0.0500 0.050
Inorganic lead compounds 0.00003 0.0005 0.0003 –

Integral assessment of the studied park ecosystems state in Kyiv

Assessment indicators/No. PE 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 12 14 15 16 17 18 19c 20c
Park area [ha] 19.5 8.9 6.5 11.7 130.0 137.0 120.0 66.1 112.0 18.4 11.7 150.0 13.9 4525.5 – –
Canopy density (P) 0.70 0.50 0.82 0.53 0.90 0.70 0.64 0.52 0.50 0.81 0.80 0.77 0.41 0.95 – –
Index of stand state (Is) 2.2 2.03 1.9 2.5 1.96 2.4 1.95 2.4 2.3 1.7 2.37 2.25 2.19 1.99 – –
Sanitary condition of plantations weakened weakened weakened severely weakened weakened weakened weakened weakened weakened weakened weakened weakened weakened weakened – –
Mortality of trees (Mt) [%] 19.84 20.83 10.81 35.80 40.20 18.59 11.90 30.70 10.53 25.00 9.77 35.71 9.46 10.7 – –
Species saturation of grass tier, pieces/ha (L) 92.86 42.50 67.57 202.27 55.88 34.62 117.86 171.05 126.32 42.31 39.66 80.43 3.24 30.3 – –
Nitrophils in grass tier (Nt) [%] 51.43 56.25 65.22 41.46 64.71 50.00 42.86 43.28 46.81 52.38 63.64 58.97 53.49 50.00 – –
H′ 2.86 1.97 2.51 3.60 2.01 2.23 2.15 3.30 3.11 2.37 2.46 3.07 3.65 2.22 – –
W 2.6 2.3 3.1 4.25 6.5 4.8 4.8 3.5 3.8 1.5 7.19 5.63 1.25 5.50 – –
State of ecosystems by W CD CD CD TC vulnerable TC TC CD CD CD vulnerable TC CD TC – –
Hstr 1.94 1.75 1.93 1.93 2.07 1.94 1.72 1.93 2.06 1.98 2.02 1.96 1.46 1.81 – –
Characteristic by Hstr bad STF bad bad STF bad STF bad STF STF STF bad bad bad – –
Inv 2.29 1.98 3.15 3.28 6.86 3.88 4.23 2.81 3.40 1.75 6.13 4.90 5.00 5.00 – –
Characteristic by Inv bad bad STF STF good STF STF good STF bad good STF STF STF
Distance to the road, m 10.0 0.5 393.0 1.0 50.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 330.0 0.2 0.2 540.0 150.0 238.0 0.2 0.2
Number of lanes in one direction (D) 4 2 4 1 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3.5
Number of cars per hour 7161.0 2010.0 4605.0 859.5 6058.5 6058.5 7122.0 2356.5 1956.0 2314.5 4989.0 5085.0 3243.0 6058.5 3312.0 4315.0
Transport speed, km/h (Qav) 51.43 39.89 63.01 34.62 72.40 73.50 61.71 42.92 37.89 39.89 49.50 62.61 36.00 73.50 36.29 54.88
C[mg/m3] 0.2155 0.0861 0.0966 0.0513 0.2109 0.2109 0.1343 0.1161 0.1042 0.0970 0.1763 0.1137 0.2074 0.2109 0.1130 0.1330

Average daily content of air pollutants in the Kyiv park ecosystems

Contents [mg/m3/No. PE] 5 10 2 3 12 14 16 19c 9 20c 15 1 6 7 17 18 Average HQi aver. Share from MACa.d.
NOx 0.0210 0.0475 0.0367 0.0378 0.0413 0.0420 0.0466 0.0468 0.0588 0.0550 0.0687 0.0901 0.08657 0.0866 0.0900 0.0866 0.0589 1.47 1.47
Load characteristics by NOx good STF good good STF STF STF STF STF STF bad very bad very bad very bad very bad very bad – – –
CnHm 0.0283 0.0644 0.0469 0.0555 0.0591 0.0523 0.0621 0.0617 0.0699 0.0739 0.1017 0.1189 0.11454 0.1145 0.1066 0.1145 0.0778 0.08 1.560
Soot (CnH) 0.0002 0.0003 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0001 0.0005 0.0004 0.0005 0.0002 0.0004 0.0003 0.00110 0.0011 0.0012 0.0011 0.0005 0.01 0.010
SO2 0.0014 0.0030 0.0018 0.0024 0.0028 0.0020 0.0036 0.0032 0.0040 0.0030 0.0043 0.0047 0.00705 0.0071 0.0077 0.0071 0.0041 0.08 0.081
Formaldehyde 0.0002 0.0004 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0002 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0004 0.0006 0.0006 0.00103 0.0010 0.0013 0.0010 0.0006 0.20 0.192
Lead compounds 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.00060 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 1.58 1.560
Sum 0.0513 0.1161 0.0861 0.0966 0.1042 0.0970 0.1137 0.1130 0.1343 0.1330 0.1763 0.2155 0.21090 0.2109 0.2074 0.2109 0.1423 – –
HI 1.243 2.838 2.261 2.247 2.422 2.591 2.620 2.732 3.446 3.347 4.072 5.490 4.787 4.787 5.010 4.787 – – –
Characteristic by HI good STF STF STF STF STF STF STF bad bad bad very bad very bad very bad very bad very bad – – –

Sterility of Taraxacum officinale pollen in the conditions causing pollution in metropolis

No PE Distance to the road [m] Number of cars per hour Pollen grains (pieces) M ± m V [%] Number of sterile pollen (pieces) M ± m V [%] Share of a sterile pollen (S) [%] CID
5 238 860.0 1785 ± 8.86 34 236 ± 2.74 21 13.00 0.21
2 226 2010.0 1715 ± 9.26 33 342 ± 2.57 20 19.92 0.58
10 80 2357.0 1589 ± 6.68 28 344 ± 2.71 19 22.00 0.73
15 5 4989.0 1396 ± 11.26 44 361 ± 3.21 25 25.86 0.91
16 1000 5085.0 2035 ± 7.75 34 235 ± 4.53 27 11.55 0.17
7 143 6059.0 1506 ± 9.77 43 361 ± 3.27 24 23.97 0.86
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