[1. Abdon, B. R., Ninomiya, S., & Raab, R. T. (2007). E-learning in higher education makes its debut in Cambodia: The Provisional Business Education Project. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(1), 1-11.10.19173/irrodl.v8i1.333]Search in Google Scholar
[2. Alexander, S. (2001). E-learning developments and experiences. Education & Training, 43(4/5), 240-248.10.1108/00400910110399247]Search in Google Scholar
[3. Asbee, S., & Simpson, O. (1998). Partners, families and friends: Student support of the closest kind. Open Learning, 13(5), 56-59.10.1080/0268051980130309]Search in Google Scholar
[4. Ashby, A. (2004). Monitoring student retention in the Open University: Definition, measurement, interpretation and action. Open Learning, 19(1), 65-77.10.1080/0268051042000177854]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Barefoot, B. O. (2004). Higher education’s revolving door: confronting the problem of student drop out in US colleges and universities. Open Learning, 19(1), 9-18.10.1080/0268051042000177818]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Berge, Z. L., & Huang, Y. (2004). A model for sustainable student retention: A holistic perspective on the student dropout problem with special attention to e-learning. DEOSNEWS, 13(5).]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Betts, K. (2017, January 10). The growth of online learning: How Universities must adjust to the new norm. EducationDIVE [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.educationdive.com/news/the-growth-of-online-learning-how-universities-must-adjust-to-the-new-norm/433632/]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Bhalalusesa, E. P. (2006). The dynamics of teaching at a distance in Tanzania: Reflections from the field. Open Learning, 2(1), 49-58.10.1080/02680510500472213]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Bird, J., & Morgan. C. (2003). Adults contemplating university study at a distance: Issues, themes and concerns. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(1).10.19173/irrodl.v4i1.130]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Carr, S. (2000, July 07). Many professors are optimistic on distance learning survey finds. The Chronicle of Higher Education [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Many-Professors-Are-Optimistic/15541]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Carr, S. (2000, February 11). As distance education comes of age, the challenge is keeping the students. The Chronicle of Higher Education [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/As-Distance-Education-Comes-of/14334.]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Carroll, D., Ng, E., & Birch, D. (2009). Retention and progression of postgraduate business students: An Australian perspective. The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 24(3), 197-209.10.1080/02680510903201599]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Chua, A., & Lam, W. (2007). Quality assurance in online education: The Universitas 21 Global approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38 1), 133-152.10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00652.x]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Cross, K. P. (1981). Adults as learners: Increasing participation and facilitating learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Daniel, J. S. (1997). Why universities need technology strategies. Change; The Magazine of Higher Learning, 29(4), 10-17.10.1080/00091389709602322]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Davies, G., & Stacey, E. (1998). Virtual universities: are dual mode universities the solution? Paper presented at the FIE ‘98. 28th Annual Conference – Frontiers in Education Conference, 4-7 November, 1998, Tempe, AZ, USA. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/738776/]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Desjardins, R., Garrouste-Norelius, C., & Mendes, S. (2004). Benchmarking education and training systems in Europe: An international comparative study. Stockholm, Institute of International Education, Stockholm University.]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Diaz, D. P. (2002). Online drop rates revisited. The Technology Source Archive, 2002(May/June). Retrieved from http://www.technologysource.org/article/online_drop_rates_revisited/]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Dupin-Bryant. P. A. (2004). Pre-entry variables related to retention in online distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 18(4), 199-206.10.1207/s15389286ajde1804_2]Search in Google Scholar
[20. Evans, J. R., & Haase, I. M. (2001). Online business education in the twenty-first-century: An analysis of potential target markets. Internet Research: New working Applications and Policy, 11(93), 246-260.10.1108/10662240110396432]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Flood, J. (2002). Read all about it: Online learning facing 80% attrition rates. TOJDE – Turkish Online Journal of Education, 3(2).]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Garland, M. R. (1993). Student perceptions of the situational, institutional, dispositional and epistemological barriers to persistence. Distance Education, 14(2), 181-198.10.1080/0158791930140203]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Glennie, J. (2008). A Critical Overview of Quality Assurance and Accreditation Policies, Structures and Practices for ODL in Africa: Gaps, Challenges, and Lessons for the ACDE continental initiative. Paper presented at the African Council for Distance Education Stakeholders Workshop held at the University of South Africa, Pretoria, February 21-23.]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Gonzalez-Gomez, F., Guardioli, J., Rodriguez, O. M., & Alonso, M. A. M. (2011). Gender differences in e-learning satisfaction. Computer & Education, 58, 283-290.10.1016/j.compedu.2011.08.017]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Gunga, S. O., & Ricketts, I. W. (2007). Facing the challenges of e-learning initiatives in African universities. British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(5), 896-906.10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00677.x]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Hardman, L., & Dunlap, J. C. (2003). Learner support services for online students: Scaffolding for success. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 4(1).]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Harris, M. L., & Gibson, S. G. (2006). Distance education vs face-to-face classes: Individual differences, course preferences and enrollment. Psychological Reports, 98, 756-764.10.2466/pr0.98.3.756-764]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Heydenrych, J. F., & Prinsloo, P. (2010). Revisiting the five generations of distance education: Quo vadis? Progressio: South African Journal for Open and Distance Learning Practice, 32(1), 5-26.]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Henderikx, P. (1999). On the way to Virtual Universities: Open and distance higher education in Europe. In G. E. Ortner & F. Nickolmann (Eds.), Socio-Economics of Virtual Universities (pp. 29-51). Weinheim: Druck Partner Rubelmann.]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Kamau, J. W. (1999). Challenges of course development and implementation in dual mode institutions. Paper presented as a case study at the Pan Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning, 1-5 March 1999, University of Brunei, Darussalam Brunei. Retrieved from http://colfinder.net/materials/Supporting_Distance_Education_Through_Policy_Development/resources/worldbank/Management/Operations/m25abot.htm]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Kamau, J. W. (2010), Factors that affect the progress and retention of distance learners in the Diploma in Primary Education Programme in Botswana. Progressio: South African Journal for Open and Distance Learning Practice, 32(2), 164-180.]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Kaye, T., & Rumble, G. (1991). Open universities: A comparative approach. Prospects, 21(2), 214-226.10.1007/BF02336062]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Khan, B. H. (2000). A framework for e-learning. Distance Education Report, 4(24), 3-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Kenya Education Network (2013). The e-readiness survey of Kenyan universities. Nairobi: Author.]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Kolowich, S. (2014, January 15). Doubts about MOOCs continues to rise, survey finds. The Chronicle of Higher Education [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle.com/article/Doubts-About-MOOCs-Continue-to/144007/.]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Larner, M. (2009). Where’s Walter? Adjunct outreach strategies to bridge the virtual distance and increase student retention. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 12(2).]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Latif, A. L., Sungsri, S., & Bahroom, R. (2006). Managing retention in ODL institutions: A case of Open University Malaysia and Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. ASEAN. Journal of Open Distance Learning, 1(1).]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Lauerman, J. (2014, January 21). Harvard, MIT Online courses dropped by 95% of registrars. Bloomberg Technology [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-21/harvard-online-courses-dropped-by-95-of-registered-study-says]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Levy, Y. (2007). Comparing dropouts and persistence in e-learning courses. Computers & Education, 48(2), 185-204.10.1016/j.compedu.2004.12.004]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Maritim, E. K. (2009). The distance learning mode of training teachers in Kenya: Challenges, prospects, and suggested policy framework. The Journal of Open and Distance Learning, 24(3), 241-254.10.1080/02680510903202100]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Maritim, E. K., &. Mushi, H. M. K. (2011). Mobile technologies for enhancing distance learning in Tanzania: An exploratory study. West African Journal of Open and Flexible Learning, 1(1), 91-110.]Search in Google Scholar
[42. McGivney, V. (2004). Understanding persistence in adult learning. Open Learning, 19(1), 33-46.10.1080/0268051042000177836]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Mitra, S. (2009). Student support services in open schooling: A case study of students’ needs and satisfaction in India. Open Learning, 24(3), 255-265.10.1080/02680510903202142]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Morgan, C., & Tam, M. (1999). Unraveling the complexities of distance education student attrition. Distance Education, 20(1), 96-108.10.1080/0158791990200108]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Nichols, M. (2010). Student perceptions of support service and the influence of targeted interventions on retention in distance learning. Distance Education, 31(1), 93-113.10.1080/01587911003725048]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Nonyongo, E. P., & Ngengebule, A. T. (1998). Learner support services: Case studies of DEASA member institutions. Pretoria: University of South Africa.]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Nully, D. D. (2008). The adequacy of response rates to online and paper surveys: what can be done? Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 33, 301-314.10.1080/02602930701293231]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Olakulehin, F. K. (2008). Open and distance education as a strategy for human capital development in Nigeria. Open Learning, 23(2), 123-130.10.1080/02680510802051939]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Oosthuizen, A. G., Loedolff, P. v. Z., & Hamman, F. (2010). Students’ perceptions of the quality of learner support in ODL. Progressio: South African Journal for Open and Distance Learning Practice, 32(1), 185-205.]Search in Google Scholar
[50. OnlineUniversities.com (2018). Investigating the online study body. Retrieved from http://www.onlineuniversities.com/articles/educators/investigating-the-online-student-body/]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Olibie, E. I., Offor, U. I., & Onyebuchi, C. G. (2016). A tale of two cities: Hindrances to distance learning programmes in Ikwa and Nnewi cities in Anambra State of Nigeria. Journal of Open Education and E-Learning Studies, 1(1).]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Ortner, G. E. (1999). Socio-economics of virtual universities: Introduction and summary. In G. E. Ortner & F. Nickolmann (Eds.), Socio-Economics of Virtual Universities (pp. 9-28). Weinheim: Druck Partner Rubelmann.]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2007). Building online learning communities: Effective strategies for virtual classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossy-Boss.]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Parker, A. (1995). Distance education attrition. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1(4), 389-406.]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Perraton, H. (2007). Open and distance learning in the developing world. London: Routledge.]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Pierrakeas, C., Xenos, M., Panagiotakopoulos, C., & Vergidis, D. (2004). A comparative study of dropout rates and causes for two different distance education courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 5(2).10.19173/irrodl.v5i2.183]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Rekkedal, T., & Eriksen, S. Q. (2004). Support services in e-learning-An evaluation study of students’ needs and satisfaction. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning, 2004(I). Retrieve from http://www.eurodl.org/materials/contrib/2004/Rekkedal_Qvist-Eriksen.pdf]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Risenga, A. (2010). Attributes of students’ success and failure in typical ODL institutions. Progressio: South African Journal for Open and Distance Learning Practice, 32(2), 85-101.]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Rovai, A. P. (2003). In search of higher persistence rates in distance education online programmes. Internet and Higher Education, 6, 1-16.10.1016/S1096-7516(02)00158-6]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Rowley, R. W. (1996). Student support services. Higher education management: The key elements. Buckingham: SRHE & Open University.]Search in Google Scholar
[61. SAIDE (2004). All African Ministers’ conference on online and distance education held in Cape Town International Convention Centre, February 2-4, 2004.]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Schnack, J. (2005, June). University E-learning. J@pan Inc [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.japaninc.com/article.php?articleID=1448]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Sharma, R., & Samdup, P. E. (2009). Revisiting gender in open and distance learning-an independent variable or mediated reality? Open Learning, 24(2).10.1080/02680510902879528]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Siaciwena, R. M. (1983). Problems of managing an external degree programme at the University of Zambia. Journal of Adult Education, 2(1), 69-77. University of Zambia.]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Siemens, G. (2002, August 22). Lessons learned teaching online. elearnspace [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/lessonslearnedteaching.htm]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Simpson, O. (2002). Supporting students in online, open and distance learning (2nd ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Kogan Page.]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Simpson, O. (2003). Student retention in online open and distance learning. Open and flexible learning series. UK: Routledge.10.4324/9780203416563]Search in Google Scholar
[68. Simpson, O. (2004). The impact on retention of interventions to support distance learning students. Open Learning, 19(1), 79-95.10.1080/0268051042000177863]Search in Google Scholar
[69. Simpson, O. (2006). Predicting student success in open and distance learning. Open Learning, 21(2), 125-138.10.1080/02680510600713110]Search in Google Scholar
[70. Simpson, O. (2013). Student retention in distance education: Are we failing our students? Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 28(2), 105-119.10.1080/02680513.2013.847363]Search in Google Scholar
[71. Smith, F. (2016, February 25). Report: One in four students enrolled in online courses. EdTech [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://edtechmagazine.com/higher/article/2016/02/report-one-four-students-enrolled-online-courses]Search in Google Scholar
[72. Thorpe, M. (2001). Learner support: A new model for online teaching and learning. Paper to the 20th ICDE World Conference, Dusseldorf.]Search in Google Scholar
[73. Tresman, S. (2002). Towards a strategy for improving student retention in programs of open, distance education: A case study from the Open University UK. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3(1), 2-11.10.19173/irrodl.v3i1.75]Search in Google Scholar
[74. Tyler-Smith, K. (2006). Early attrition among first time e-learners: A review of factors that contribute to drop-out, withdrawal and non-completion rates of adult learners undertaking e-learning programmes. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 2(2). Retrieved from http://jolt.merlot.org/Vol2_No2_TylerSmith.htm]Search in Google Scholar
[75. Vaughan, K., & McVicar, A. (2004). Employee’ pre-implementation attitudes and perceptions to e-learning: A banking case study analysis. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(5), 400-413.10.1108/03090590410533080]Search in Google Scholar
[76. Willging, P. A., & Johnson, S. D. (2004). Factors that influence student decision to drop out of online courses. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 8(4), 105-118.]Search in Google Scholar
[77. World Bank (2000a). Higher education in developing countries: Peril and promise. Washington, D.C: World Bank.]Search in Google Scholar
[78. World Bank (2000b). Can Africa claim the 21st century? Washington, D.C.: World Bank.]Search in Google Scholar
[79. World Bank (2003). Lifelong learning in the global knowledge economy: Challenges for developing countries. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.10.1596/978-0-8213-5475-9]Search in Google Scholar
[80. Wright, C. R., Dhanarajan, G., & Reju, S A. (2009). Recurring issues encountered by distance educators in developing and emerging nations. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance, 10(1). Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/viewArticle/608/118010.19173/irrodl.v10i1.608]Search in Google Scholar