Causes and Effects of Spatial Chaos in the Polish Carpathians – A Difficult Way to Sustainable Development

[1] Affek, A. N. (2019). Wpływ gospodarki leśnej na terenach górskich na wybrane elementy środowiska – aktualny stan wiedzy. Przegląd Geograficzny 91(1), 63–81. DOI: 10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.3.10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.3 Search in Google Scholar

[2] Affek, A. N., Garlee, A., Sosnowska, A. & Zachwatowicz, M. (2019). Oszacowanie skali wpływu pozyskiwania drewna na wybrane elementy środowiska we wschodniej części polskich Karpat. Przegląd Geograficzny 91(1), 83–106. DOI: 10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.4.10.7163/PrzG.2019.1.4 Search in Google Scholar

[3] Bański, J. & Stola, W. (2002). Przemiany struktury przestrzennej i funkcjonalnej obszarów wiejskich w Polsce. Warszawa: Committee of Rural Areas, Polish Geographical Society, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences. Search in Google Scholar

[4] Bański, J. & Wesołowska, M. (2020). Disappearing villages in Poland – selected socioeconomic processes and spatial phenomena. European Countryside 12(2), 221–241. DOI: 10.2478/euco-2020-0013.10.2478/euco-2020-0013 Search in Google Scholar

[5] Brańka, P. (2015). Zróżnicowanie rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w woj. małopolskim. Studia KPZK 161, 362–370. Search in Google Scholar

[6] Brunori, E., Salvati, L., Mancinelli, R. & Biasi, R. (2016). Multi-temporal land use and cover changing analysis: the environmental impact in Mediterranean area. The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 24(3), 276–288. DOI: 10.1080/13504509.2016.1205156.10.1080/13504509.2016.1205156 Search in Google Scholar

[7] Bylak, A., Kukuła, K. & Kukuła E. (2009). Influence of regulation on ichthyofauna and benthos of the Różanka stream. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 9(2–4), 211–223. DOI: 10.2478/v10104-010-0006-z.10.2478/v10104-010-0006-z Search in Google Scholar

[8] Bystřický, V., Moravcová, J., Polenský, J. & Pečenka, J. (2017). Land use changes in the last half century and their impact on water retention in the Šumava Mountains and Foothills (Czech Republic). European Countryside 9(1), 116–131. DOI: 10.1515/euco-2017-0007.10.1515/euco-2017-0007 Search in Google Scholar

[9] Castro, H., Lehsten, V., Lavorel, S. & Freitas, H. (2010). Functional response traits in relation to land use change in the Montado. Agriculture, Ecosysems and Environment 137(1–2), 183–191. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.02.002.10.1016/j.agee.2010.02.002 Search in Google Scholar

[10] Ciepiela, A. & Łasocha, M. (2020). Urban sprawl and spatial planning documents: the case of the municipality of Biecz, Poland. Space and Form/Przestrzeń i Forma 44, 231–248. DOI: 10.21005/pif.2020.44.C-03.10.21005/pif.2020.44.C-03 Search in Google Scholar

[11] Cieszewska, A. (2019). Green belts. Zielone pierścienie wielkich miast. Warszawa: Wyd. Akad. Sedno. Search in Google Scholar

[12] Czudec, A. & Zając, D. (2017). Non-farming entrepreneurship in the farm activity diversification process. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 43(1), 69–78. DOI: 10.17306/J.JARD.2017.00208.10.17306/J.JARD.2017.00208 Search in Google Scholar

[13] Ćwik, A. (2013). Rozwój zrównoważony a konflikty w potencjalnym zagospodarowaniu górskiego terenu podmiejskiego. Studia KPZK PAN 152, 198–206. Search in Google Scholar

[14] Ćwik, A. (2014). Zastosowanie metody „trzech pytań“ w planowaniu rozwoju zrównoważonego korytarza Wisłoka w Rzeszowie. Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture 61(3/I), 53–61. DOI: 10.7862/rb.2014.46.10.7862/rb.2014.46 Search in Google Scholar

[15] Ćwik, A. & Ortyl, B. (2016). Rozproszona zabudowa w górach – utracone krajobrazy? In Gajdek A., Sołtysik A. & Wójcik A., eds., Krajobraz Polski. Cudze Chwalicie. Ochrona i kształtowanie rodzimego krajobrazu (pp. 165–175). Rzeszów: University of Rzeszów. Search in Google Scholar

[16] Durydiwka, M. (2012). Czynniki rozwoju i zróżnicowanie funkcji turystycznej na obszarach wiejskich w Polsce. Warszawa: University of Warsaw. Search in Google Scholar

[17] Durydiwka, M. (2013). Tourist function in rural areas of Poland. Spacial diversity and changing trends. Miscellanea Geographica 17(3), 5–11. DOI: 10.2478/v10288-012-0041-2.10.2478/v10288-012-0041-2 Search in Google Scholar

[18] Ekins, P. (2000). Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability. The Prospects for Green Growth. London–New York: Routledge. Search in Google Scholar

[19] Faracik, R., Kurek, W., Mika, M., Pawlusiński, R. (2009). Turystyka w Karpatach Polskich w świetle współczesnych kierunków rozwoju. In Domański, W. B., Kurek, W., eds., Gospodarka i przestrzeń (pp. 77–97). Kraków: Jagiellonian University. Search in Google Scholar

[20] Forleo, M. B., Giaccio, V., Giannelli, A., Mastronardi, L. & Palmieri, N. (2017). Socioeconomic drivers, land cover changes and the dynamics of rural settlements: Mt. Matese area (Italy). European Countryside 9(3), 435–457. DOI: 10.1515/euco-2017-0026.10.1515/euco-2017-0026 Search in Google Scholar

[21] Froehlich, W. & Walling, D. E. (1997). The role of unmetalled roads as a sediment source in the fluvial systems of the Polish Flysch Carpathians. In Walling, D. E. & Probst, J. L., eds., Human Impact on Erosion and Sedimentation (pp. 159–168). Wallingford: IAHS. Search in Google Scholar

[22] Gari, R. S., Newton, A. & Icely, J. D. (2015). A review of the application and evolution of the DPSIR framework with an emphasis on coastal social-ecological systems. Ocean & Coastal Management 6(4), 63–77. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.013.10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.11.013 Search in Google Scholar

[23] García-Ruiz, J. M. & Lana-Renault, N. (2011). Hydrological and erosive consequences of farmland abandonment in Europe, with special reference to the Mediterranean region – a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 140(3–4), 317–338. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.003.10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.003 Search in Google Scholar

[24] Gibas, P. & Heffner, K. (2018). Społeczne i ekonomiczne koszy bezładu przestrzeni – osadnictwo obszarów wiejskich. Studia KPZK PAN 182(2), 163–195. Search in Google Scholar

[25] Halfacree, K. (2012). Heterolocal Identities? Counter-Urbanisation, Second Homes, and Rural Consumption in the Era of Mobilities. Population, Space and Place 18(2), 209–224. DOI: 10.1002/psp.665.10.1002/psp.665 Search in Google Scholar

[26] Haughton, G. & Counsell, D. (2004). Regions, Spatial Strategies and Sustainable Development. London-New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203561249 Search in Google Scholar

[27] Hrehorowicz-Gaber, H. (2019). Współczesne przemiany i rozwój struktur przestrzennych w Karpatach uwarunkowania i modele rozwoju. Kraków: Publishing House of the Kraków University of Technology. Search in Google Scholar

[28] Kistowski, M. & Śleszyński, P. (2010). Presja turystyczna na tle walorów krajobrazowych Polski. Krajobraz i turystyka 14, 36–51. Search in Google Scholar

[29] Kowalczyk, A. (1990). Badania geograficzne osadnictwa letniskowego w strefie górskiej w wybranych krajach europejskich. Acta Universitas Lodziensis. Turyzm 6, 21–41.10.18778/0860-1119.6.04 Search in Google Scholar

[30] Kozak, J. (2010). Forest cover changes and their drivers in the Polish Carpathian Mountains since 1800. In Nagendra, H. & Southworth, J., eds., Reforesting Landscapes: Linking Pattern and Process (pp. 253–273). Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer Netherlands. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9656-3.10.1007/978-1-4020-9656-3 Search in Google Scholar

[31] Kroczak, R., Bryndal, T., Bucała, A. & Fidelus, J. (2016). The development, temporal evolution and environmental influence of an unpaved road network on mountain terrain: an example from the Carpathian Mts. (Poland). Environment Earth Sciences 75, Art. 250. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-015-5055-6.10.1007/s12665-015-5055-6 Search in Google Scholar

[32] Kuemmerle, T., Hostert, P., Radeloff, V. C., van der Linden, S., Perzanowski, K. & Kruhlov, I. (2008). Cross-border comparison of post-socialist farmland abandonment in the Carpathians. Ecosystems 11, 614–628. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-008-9146-z.10.1007/s10021-008-9146-z Search in Google Scholar

[33] Listwan-Franczak, K. & Franczak, P. (2015). Problematyka reklamy zewnętrznej na obszarach cennych przyrodniczo, przykład otoczenia Tatr. Prace Geograficzne 142, 57–75. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. DOI: 10.4467/20833113PG.15.018.4458. Search in Google Scholar

[34] Łajczak, A. (2005). Wpływ narciarstwa na modelowanie stoków górskich, na przykładzie Pilska. In Łajczak A., ed., Antropopresja w górach średnich strefy umiarkowanej i skutki geomorfologiczne, na przykładzie wybranych obszarów Europy Środkowej (pp. 47–57). Sosnowiec: Wydział nauk o Ziemi Uniwersytetu Uniwersytetu Ślaskiego. Search in Google Scholar

[35] MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J. R., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., Gutierrez Lazpita, J. & Gibon, A. (2000). Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmenal Managagement 59(1), 47–69. DOI: 10.1006/jema.1999.0335.10.1006/jema.1999.0335 Search in Google Scholar

[36] Marini, L., Fontana, P., Battisti, A. & Gaston, K. J. (2009). Response of orthopteran diversity to abandonment of semi-natural meadows. Agriculture Ecosysems Environment 132(3–4), 232–236. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.003.10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.003 Search in Google Scholar

[37] Maxim, L., Spangenberg, J. H. & O’Connor, M. (2009). An analysis of risks for biodiversity under the DPSIR framework. Ecological Economics 69(1), 12–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.03.017.10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.03.017 Search in Google Scholar

[38] Mika, M. & Faracik, R. (2008). Second homes as a factor of the transformation of rural areas in the Polish Carpathians. Folia Geographica 12, 245–255. Search in Google Scholar

[39] Munteanu, C., Kuemmerle, T., Boltiziar, M., Lieskovský, J., Mojes, M., Kaim, D., Konkoly-Gyuró, É., Mackovčin, P., Müller, D., Ostapowicz, K. & Radeloff, V. C. (2017). Nineteenth-century land-use legacies affect contemporary land abandonment in the Carpathians. Regional Environmental Change 17, 2209–2222. DOI: 10.1007/s10113-016-1097-x.10.1007/s10113-016-1097-x Search in Google Scholar

[40] Munton, R. & Collins, K. (1998). Government Strategies for Sustainable Development. Geography 83(4), 346–357. Search in Google Scholar

[41] O’Rourke, E. (2019). Drivers of land abandonment in the Irish Uplands: a case study. European Countryside 11(2), 211–228. DOI: 10.2478/euco-2019-0011.10.2478/euco-2019-0011 Search in Google Scholar

[42] Ortyl, B., Ćwik, A. & Kasprzyk, I. (2018). What happens in a Carpathian catchment after the sudden abandonment of cultivation? Catena 166, 158–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.04.002.10.1016/j.catena.2018.04.002 Search in Google Scholar

[43] Plesiński, K., Bylak, A., Radecki-Pawlik, A., Mikołajczyk, T. & Kukuła, K. (2018). Possibilities of fish passage through the block ramp: Model-based estimation of permeability. Science of the Total Environment 631–632, 1201–1211. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.128.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.12829727945 Search in Google Scholar

[44] Pollack, M. (2011). Cesarz Ameryki. Wielka ucieczka z Galicji. Wołowiec: Wyd. Czarne. Search in Google Scholar

[45] Prince, H. E., Bunce, R. G. H. & Jongman, R. H.G. (2012). Changes in the vegetation composition of hay meadows between 1993 and 2009 in the Picos de Europa and implications for nature conservation. Journal of Nature Conservation 20(3), 162–169. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2012.01.002.10.1016/j.jnc.2012.01.002 Search in Google Scholar

[46] Pullanikkatil, D., Palamuleni, L. & Ruhiiga, T. (2016). Assessment of land use change in Likangala River catchment, Malawi: A remote sensing and DPSIR approach. Applied Geography 71, 9–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.04.005.10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.04.005 Search in Google Scholar

[47] Rinaldi, M., Wyżga, B. & Surian, N. (2005). Sediment mining in alluvial channels: physical effects and management perspectives. River Research and Application 21(7), 805–828. DOI: 10.1002/rra.884.10.1002/rra.884 Search in Google Scholar

[48] Rosner, A. (2016). Współczesne procesy zmian zaludnienia obszarów wiejskich w Polsce. Studia KPZK PAN 167, 232–249. Search in Google Scholar

[49] Serafin, P. (2017). Zmiany w użytkowaniu gruntów oraz gęstość zabudowy na styku miasto – obszar wiejski jako przejawy suburbanizacji Nowego Sącza. Research Papers of Wrocław University of Economics 467, 102–112. DOI: 10.15611/pn.2017.467.09.10.15611/pn.2017.467.09 Search in Google Scholar

[50] Senetra, A., Szczepańska, A. & Wasilewicz-Pszczółkowska, M. (2014). Analysis of changes in the land use structure of developed and urban areas in Eastern Poland. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 24, 219–230. DOI: 10.2478/bog-2014-0024.10.2478/bog-2014-0024 Search in Google Scholar

[51] Solon, J., Borzyszkowski, J., Bidłasik, M., Richling, A., Badora, K., Balon, J., Brzezińska-Wójcik, T., Chabudziński, Ł., Dobrowolski, R., Grzegorczyk, I., Jodłowski, M., Kistowski, M., Kot, R., Krąż, P., Lechnio, J., Macias, A., Majchrowska, A., Malinowska, E., Migoń, P., Myga-Piątek, U., Nita, J., Papińska, E., Rodzik, J., Strzyż, M., Terpiłowski, S. & Ziaja, W. (2018). Physico-geographical mesoregions of Poland: Verification and adjustment of boundaries on the basis of contemporary spatial data. Geographia Polonica 91(2), 143–170. DOI: 10.7163/GPol.0115.10.7163/GPol.0115 Search in Google Scholar

[52] Soja, M. (2008). Cykle rozwoju ludności Karpat Polskich w XIX i XX wieku. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. Search in Google Scholar

[53] Spanò, M., Gentile, F., Davies, C. & Lafortezza, R. (2017). The DPSIR framework in support of green infrastructure planning: A case study in Southern Italy, Land Use Policy 61, 242–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.051.10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.051 Search in Google Scholar

[54] Svarstad, H., Petersen, L. K., Rothman, D., Siepel, H. & Wätzold, F. (2008). Discursive biases of the environmental research framework DPSIR. Land Use Policy 25, 116–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.03.005.10.1016/j.landusepol.2007.03.005 Search in Google Scholar

[55] Śleszyński, P. (2012). Stan prac planistycznych w kraju. In Śleszyński, P., Komornicki, T., Solon, J. & Więckowski, M., eds., Planowanie przestrzenne w gminach (pp. 11–58). Warszawa: Wyd. Akademickie Sedno. Search in Google Scholar

[56] Śleszyński, P., Markowski, T. & Kowalewski, A. (2018). Studia nad chaosem przestrzennym. Cz.3. Synteza. Uwarunkowania, skutki i propozycje naprawy chaosu przestrzennego. Studia KPZK PAN 182(3), 1–224. Search in Google Scholar

[57] Śleszyński, P., Kowalewski, A., Markowski, T., Legutko-Kobus, P. & Nowak, M. (2020). The Contemporary Economic Costs of Spatial Chaos. Evidence from Poland. Land 9(7), 214. DOI: 10.3390/land9070214.10.3390/land9070214 Search in Google Scholar

[58] Tasser, E., Walde, J., Tappeiner, U., Teutsch, A. & Noggler, W. (2007). Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps. Agriulture, Ecosystems, Environment 118, 115–129. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.004.10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.004 Search in Google Scholar

[59] Theissen, T., Otte, A. & Waldhardt, R. (2019). Land-use change related to topography and societal drivers in high-mountains – a case study in the upper watershed of the Tergi (Kazbegi region), Greater Caucasus. European Countryside 11(3), 317–340. DOI: 10.2478/euco-2019-0020.10.2478/euco-2019-0020 Search in Google Scholar

[60] Trzeszczyńska, P. (2015). The Lemko land remembered: about the research on the memory of the Lemkos in Poland and Ukraine. Anthropology of East Europe Review 33(2), 1–25. Search in Google Scholar

[61] Venkatesh, G. (2010). Triple Bottom Line Approach to Individual and Global Sustainability. Problemy ekorozwoju 5(2), 25–37. Search in Google Scholar

[62] Węcławowicz-Bilska, E. (2009). Uwarunkowania planowania przestrzennego na terenach górskich na przykładzie Polskich Karpat, Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura 106 (2-A), 3–17. Search in Google Scholar

[63] Więckowski, M. (2010). Turystyka na obszarach przygranicznych Polski. Warszawa: Inst. of Spatial Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences. Search in Google Scholar

[64] Wolski, J. (2016). The landscape of abandoned villages in the Western Bieszczady: the problem of definition and classification. Geographia Polonica 89(3), 371–387. DOI: 10.7163/GPol.0064.10.7163/GPol.0064 Search in Google Scholar

[65] Wyżga, B., Zawiejska, J., Radecki-Pawlik, A. & Hajdukiewicz, H. (2012). Environmental change, hydromorphological reference conditions and the restoration of Polish Carpathian rivers. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37(11), 1213–1226. DOI: 10.1002/esp.3273.10.1002/esp.3273 Search in Google Scholar

[66] Zawiejska, J., Wyżga, B., Radecki-Pawlik, A., (2015). Variation in surface bed material along a mountain river modified by gravel extraction and channelization, the Czarny Dunajec, Polish Carpathians. Geomorphology 231, 353–366. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.026.10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.026 Search in Google Scholar

[67] Zawilińska, B. (2020). Residents’ attitudes towards a national park under conditions of suburbanisation and tourism pressure: a case study of Ojców National Park (Poland). European Countryside 12(1),119–137. DOI: 10.2478/euco-2020-0007.10.2478/euco-2020-0007 Search in Google Scholar

[68] Zawilińska, B. & Szpara, K. (2016). Participative model of tourism development planning in a region of high natural value: a case study of The Polish Carpathians. Scientific Review of Physical Culture, 5(4), 242–253. Search in Google Scholar

[69] CC (2003). Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians. [Online] Available at: http://www.carpathianconvention.org/text-of-the-convention.html (Accessed 17.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[70] EEA (1995). European Environment Agency. Europe’s Environment: the Dobris Assessment. Copenhagen: EEA. Search in Google Scholar

[71] European Commission (2010). EUROPE 2020. A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Communication From The Commission. 3.3.2010, COM (2010) 2020, p. 1–32. Brussels. Search in Google Scholar

[72] GUS (2018). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Indicators of territorial accessibility of Poland’s residents to selected public utilities. Final report. [Online] http://stat.gov.pl (Accessed 24.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[73] GUS (2020). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Bank danych lokalnych [Online] https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/ (Accessed 21.12.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[74] Holten-Andersen, J., Paalby, H., Christensen, N., Wier, M. & Andersen, F. M. (1995). Recommendations on strategies for integrated assessment of broad environmental problems. Report submitted to the European Environment Agency (EEA) by the National Environmental Research Institute (NERI). Denmark. Search in Google Scholar

[75] Karpacka Przestrzeń (2019). Project: Planowanie przestrzenne jako narzędzie ochrony przyrody w Karpatach. Ekopsychologia. [Online] https://karpackaprzestrzen.pl (Accessed 28.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[76] Kowalewski, A., Mordasewicz, J., Osiatyński, J., Regulski, J., Stępień, J. & Śleszyński, P. (2013). Raport o ekonomicznych stratach i społecznych kosztach niekontrolowanej urbanizacji w Polsce (Economic Losses and Social Costs of Uncontrolled Urbanization in Poland). Warszawa: Fundacja Rozwoju Demokracji Lokalnej, IGiGP PAN. [Online] https://frdl.org.pl/badania-i-analizy/raporty-i-inne/raport-o-ekonomicznych-stratach-ispolecznych-kosztach-niekontrolowanej-urbanizacji-w-polsce (Accessed 28.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[77] OECD (2003). OECD Environmental Indicators: Development, Measurement and Use. Paris. Search in Google Scholar

[78] Protocol on Sustainable Tourism to the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (2011). [Online] Available at: http://www.carpathianconvention.org/protocol-on-sustainable-agriculture-and-rural-development.html (Accessed 23.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[79] Rączkowski, W. (2007). Zagrożenia osuwiskowe w polskich Karpatach. Paper presented at the conference: GEORISKS – risk reduction, awareness raising – 5th International Geological Fair. Warszawa, 30 May 2007. [Online] Available at: https://www.pgi.gov.pl/gdansk/geologia-morza-i-wybrzeza/opracowania/131-kopalniawiedzy-nowe/zagroenia-geologiczne/1554-geozagroienia-karpackieosuwiska.html?showall=1 (Accessed 27.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[80] Strategy for Sustainable Tourism Development of the Carpathians (2014). UNEP/CC/COP4/DOC14. [Online] Available at: http://www.carpathianconvention.org/tl_files/carpathiancon/Downloads/03%20Meetings%20and%20Events/COP/2014_COP4_Mikulov/WORKING%20DOCUMENTS/DOC14_Carpathian%20Convention%20Sustainable%20Tourism%20Strategy_updated.pdf (Accessed 23.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[81] Smeets, E. & Weterings, R. (1999). Environmental Indicators: Typology and Overview. European Environment, Technical Report No. 25. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. European Environmental Agency. Copenhagen. [Online] Available at: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/TEC25 (Accessed 17.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[82] Śleszyński, P. (2015). Szacunek chłonności demograficznej dla obszaru Polskich Karpat. Presentation: Chaos przestrzenny – ukryte koszty oraz utracone szanse. Karpaty łączą – mechanizm konsultacji i współpracy dla wdrażania Konwencji Karpackiej. II Forum Karpackich Gmin. Sromowce Niżne 24.09.2015. [Online] https://docplayer.pl/187054198-Karpaty-lacza-mechanizm-konsultacji-i-wspolpracy-dla-wdrazania-konwencjikarpackiej.html (Accessed 28.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[83] UNEP (2002). United Nations Environment Program. Global Environmental Outlook 3. Earthscan. London: UNEP. Search in Google Scholar

[84] Ustawa (2003). Ustawa z 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym. Dz.U. 2003, Nr 80, poz. 717. [Online] Available at: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20030800717 (Accessed 31.07.2020). Search in Google Scholar

[85] WCED (1987). World Commission od Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Search in Google Scholar