Closed innovators: enterprises with innovations developed mainly through their own efforts (they have neither cooperated nor bought external R&D) | Internal knowledge is the most important source |
Hybrid innovators: enterprises with innovations developed mainly through research and development activities, but having cooperated or bought external R&D | Both internal and external knowledge is just as important |
Open innovators: enterprises with innovations developed mainly through cooperation with other entities or by other entities | At least one external source is more important than internal knowledge |