Environmental Risk Management Related to Noise in Large Cities in the Context of Ecological Safety

The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the characteristics of Polish cities with a population of over 100,000 inhabitants, which affect the level of population exposure to noise, in the context of ecological safety. The study included an assessment of daytime (LDWN) and night-time (LN) noise levels and the identification of key urban and demographic factors such as the share of green spaces and traffic volume. The results show a significant difference in the share of people exposed to noise between cities, with the highest values recorded in Szczecin and Kraków, and the lowest in Gdańsk and Poznań. A significant relationship between the share of green spaces and noise levels has been identified, underlining the importance of spatial planning. A measure of urban development was also developed, indicating Łódź, Szczecin and Bydgoszcz as leaders of pro-ecological activities. Research confirms that the integration of spatial policy with noise management is crucial for improving the quality of life and protecting the health of residents.