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Optimized Nitrogen Application Rate Significantly Increases Total Economic Value and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco due to the Improvement of Superior Tobacco Yield

Yi Pu
Yi Pu
, 
Kuai Dai
Kuai Dai
, 
Xinghui Gu
Xinghui Gu
, 
Meiju Liu
Meiju Liu
, 
Jiangzhou Li
Jiangzhou Li
, 
Yan Wang
Yan Wang
, 
Shuyuan Yin
Shuyuan Yin
, 
Changhua Zhao
Changhua Zhao
, 
Limeng Zhang
Limeng Zhang
 oraz 
Shan Lin
Shan Lin
   | 09 cze 2024
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Data publikacji: 09 cze 2024
Zakres stron: 136 - 147
Otrzymano: 10 lip 2023
Przyjęty: 17 sty 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2024-0003
Słowa kluczowe
© 2024 Yi Pu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Effects of the N application rate on the economic value (EV) and N economic benefit (NEB) of flue-cured tobacco average over years. Bars labeled with different capital letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among N treatments. Error bars represent the standard error of means.
Effects of the N application rate on the economic value (EV) and N economic benefit (NEB) of flue-cured tobacco average over years. Bars labeled with different capital letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05) among N treatments. Error bars represent the standard error of means.

Figure 2.

Effect of the N rate on the integrate grade of chemical quality of average over years in C3F grade. Integrate grade was calculated based on Table S2 and Table S4. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of means.
Effect of the N rate on the integrate grade of chemical quality of average over years in C3F grade. Integrate grade was calculated based on Table S2 and Table S4. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of means.

Figure 3.

Effect of the N rate on leaf midrib proportions of upper B2F, middle C3F and lower X2F flue-cured tobacco leaves. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among the N rates in the same grade (p < 0.05).
Effect of the N rate on leaf midrib proportions of upper B2F, middle C3F and lower X2F flue-cured tobacco leaves. Different capital letters indicate significant differences among the N rates in the same grade (p < 0.05).

Figure 4.

Effect of the N rate on the average yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco. Different capital, lowercase and italics lowercase letters indicate the significant differences in the yields of superior tobacco, medium and inferior tobacco, respectively (p < 0.05). The classification criterion and responding sales prices of superior, medium and inferior are shown in Table S2.
Effect of the N rate on the average yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco. Different capital, lowercase and italics lowercase letters indicate the significant differences in the yields of superior tobacco, medium and inferior tobacco, respectively (p < 0.05). The classification criterion and responding sales prices of superior, medium and inferior are shown in Table S2.

Figure 5.

Correlation between the total economic value (EV) and yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco average over two years.
Correlation between the total economic value (EV) and yield of superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco average over two years.

Figure 6.

Effect of the N rate on the average leaf growth rate at resetting, topping and harvesting stage average over years. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05).
Effect of the N rate on the average leaf growth rate at resetting, topping and harvesting stage average over years. Different capital letters indicate significant difference among the N rates (p < 0.05).

Figure 7.

Correlation between the yield of superior tobacco and the leaf growth rate in the prosperous stage over six N rates and two years.
Correlation between the yield of superior tobacco and the leaf growth rate in the prosperous stage over six N rates and two years.

Figure 8.

Nitrogen effect equation between the sum of applied N rate and the residual soil inorganic N before transplanting and economic value (EV) of flue-cured tobacco and superior tobacco yield. Two data points outside the 95% confidence were excluded for establish of the effect equation. The residual soil inorganic N content before transplanting is shown in Table S5.
Nitrogen effect equation between the sum of applied N rate and the residual soil inorganic N before transplanting and economic value (EV) of flue-cured tobacco and superior tobacco yield. Two data points outside the 95% confidence were excluded for establish of the effect equation. The residual soil inorganic N content before transplanting is shown in Table S5.

The standard of grading superior, medium and inferior flue-cured tobacco and their corresponding purchase price.

Classification Grade Maturity Structure Thickness Oil content Chroma Length (cm) Mutilation (%) Price (RMB kg−1)
Superior B1F Maturity Slight loose Slight thick Many Very strong 45 15 41.4
B2F Maturity Slight loose Slight thick Medium Strong 40 20 34.0
C1F Maturity Loose Medium Many Very strong 45 10 48.5
C2F Maturity Loose Medium Medium Strong 40 15 43.8
C3F Maturity Loose Medium Medium Medium 35 25 38.8
Medium B3F Maturity Slight dense Slight thick Medium Medium 35 30 22.0
X2F Maturity Loose Slight thin Less Medium 35 25 22.9
X3F Maturity Loose Slight thin Less Weak 30 30 11.9
X2V Slight maturity Loose Slight thin Less Medium 35 15 8.6
Inferior CX1K Slight maturity Loose Slight thin Medium — 35 20 5.8

Effects of nitrogen N application rate on the average content of the chemical compound as intrinsic quality indexes of superior C3F tobacco leaf average over years (n = 6).

N rate (kg N ha−1) Nicotine (%) Total N (%) Reducing sugar (%) Total sugar (%) K (%) Cl (%) Total sugar / nicotine Total N / nicotine K / Cl
0 1.40 ± 0.04 1.44 ± 0.01 21.5 ± 0.06 36.0 ± 0.79 1.43 ± 0.02 0.44 ± 0.04 30.1 ± 2.12 1.31 ± 0.09 3.43 ± 0.40
45 1.42 ± 0.03 1.51 ± 0.03 22.2 ± 0.47 36.7 ± 1.34 1.40 ± 0.02 0.47 ± 0.08 26.2 ± 0.72 1.22 ± 0.07 4.43 ± 0.38
60 1.56 ± 0.05 1.56 ± 0.02 19.8 ± 0.59 34.0 ± 0.91 1.66 ± 0.13 0.39 ± 0.02 22.2 ± 2.11 1.08 ± 0.06 4.72 ± 1.37
75 2.49 ± 0.07 2.20 ± 0.07 18.6 ± 0.94 28.1 ± 1.17 1.48 ± 0.07 0.42 ± 0.06 16.4 ± 0.33 0.79 ± 0.02 3.04 ± 0.06
90 2.38 ± 0.05 1.91 ± 0.08 20.6 ± 0.70 31.8 ± 0.96 1.40 ± 0.03 0.35 ± 0.04 12.2 ± 0.11 0.82 ± 0.03 4.42 ± 0.18
105 2.08 ± 0.04 1.72 ± 0.02 19.2 ± 0.08 31.2 ± 0.42 1.46 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.03 15.1 ± 0.77 0.82 ± 0.02 3.57 ± 0.34
LSD0.05 0.28 0.23 2.84 5.59 0.29 0.27 6.16 0.31 2.73
Best range 2.20–2.80 2.00–2.50 18.0–22.0 26.0–30.0 ≥ 2.50 c 0.60 8.50–9.50 0.95–1.05 ≥ 8.00

Range of chemical compound content and the corresponding grade of flue-cured tobacco style characteristics evaluation of the first most influential tobacco areas in Yunnan province – chemical composition evaluation table (C3F).

Compound Grading rules
100 100–90 90–80 80–70 70–60
Nicotine (%) (B1) 2.20–2.80 2.20–2.00 2.00–1.80 1.80–1.70 1.70–1.60
2.80–2.90 2.90–3.00 3.00–3.10 3.10–3.20
Total N (%) (B2) 2.00–2.50 2.00–1.90 1.90–1.80 1.80–1.70 1.70–1.60
2.50–2.60 2.60–2.70 2.70–2.80 2.80–2.90
Reducing sugar (%) (B3) 18.0–22.0 18.0–16.0 16.0–14.0 14.0–13.0 13.0–12.0
22.0–24.0 24.0–26.0 26.0–27.0 27.0–28.0
K (%) (B4) ≥ 2.50 2.50–2.00 2.00–1.50 1.50–1.20 1.20–1.00
Total sugar / Nicotine (B5) 8.50–9.50 8.50–7.00 7.00–6.00 6.00–5.50 5.50–5.00
9.50–12.0 12.0–13.0 13.0–14.0 14.0–15.0
Total N / Nicotine (B6) 0.95–1.05 0.95–0.80 0.80–0.70 0.70–0.65 0.65–0.60
1.05–1.20 1.20–1.30 1.30–1.35 1.35–1.40
K/Cl (B7) ≥ 8.00 8.00–6.00 6.00–5.00 5.00–4.50 4.50–4.00
Integrated grade (IG) IG = B1 × 0.18 + B2 × 0.10 + B3 × 0.15 + B4 × 0.09 + B5 × 0.26 + B6 × 0.12 + B7 × 0.10

Inorganic nitrogen content in 0–20 cm soil before tobacco transplanting (BefTrp) and after harvesting (AftHarv) in the experimental site (kg N ha−1).

Time N rate Inorganic N NH4+ –N NO3− –N
BefTrp (April 22, 2021) 32.0 ± 2.20 1.45 ± 0.65 30.5 ± 2.69
AftHarv (August 31, 2021) 0 23.3 ± 1.37 0.98 ± 0.12 22.4 ± 1.49
45 25.9 ± 0.07 1.00 ± 0.05 24.9 ± 0.12
60 28.1 ± 0.85 1.01 ± 0.11 27.0 ± 0.82
75 31.7 ± 1.27 1.03 ± 0.04 30.7 ± 1.24
90 34.8 ± 0.83 1.33 ± 0.26 33.5 ± 0.60
105 47.4 ± 4.22 1.13 ± 0.16 46.3 ± 4.36
BefTrp (April 25, 2022) 0 27.0 ± 3.13 9.81 ± 0.45 17.2 ± 2.93
45 45.7 ± 7.79 8.12 ± 0.24 37.6 ± 7.72
60 54.5 ± 5.41 8.19 ± 0.21 46.3 ± 5.21
75 70.6 ± 8.21 9.71 ± 0.33 60.8 ± 7.90
90 73.3 ± 10.4 9.21 ± 1.54 64.1 ± 10.0
105 80.7 ± 1.14 9.79 ± 1.09 70.9 ± 2.23
AftHarv (September 05, 2022) 0 21.0 ± 6.65 2.58 ± 0.40 18.5 ± 6.57
45 56.2 ± 7.92 7.75 ± 0.42 48.4 ± 7.82
60 62.9 ± 8.98 12.1 ± 2.71 50.8 ± 7.35
75 76.3 ± 9.50 6.80 ± 0.29 69.5 ± 9.23
90 90.4 ± 9.17 7.04 ± 1.54 83.4 ± 7.92
105 97.7 ± 7.66 7.29 ± 2.40 90.4 ± 7.12

The annual average (1981–2020) and the experimental year (2021–2022) of precipitation, mean temperature and sunshine hours during the flue-cured tobacco growing season (April–August).

Precipitation (mm) Temperature (°C ) Sunshine duration (h)
Month 1981–2020 2021 2022 1981–2020 2021 2022 1981–2020 2021 2022
April 28.0 64.5 35.6 18.2 19.2 16.7 223 231 227
May 80.1 22.5 69.8 20.3 21.8 18.3 208 229 219
June 152 166 43.8 21.2 21.9 21.1 131 129 130
July 210 107 27.6 21.2 21.5 22.6 116 96 106
August 162 199 95.4 21.4 21.5 22.4 149 124 137
Average 126 112 54.4 20.5 21.2 20.2 165 162 164
Max 268 199 95.4 31.8 33.1 31.1 241 231 227
Min 16.0 22.5 27.6 9.4 8.8 3.8 89 96 106

Recommendation of the optimal total N application rate, and the N rate as base fertilizer at resetting and as topdressing at prosperous growth stage according to the soil inorganic N content before transplanting and nitrogen effect equation, and nitrogen application amount.

Recommend N rate
Soil N min (kg N ha−1) Total (kg N ha−1) Base fertilizer (kg N ha−1) Top application (kg N ha−1)
20 110 44 66
30 100 40 60
40 90 36 54
50 80 32 48
60 70 28 42
70 60 24 36
80 50 15 35
90 40 5 35
100 30 0 30
eISSN:
2719-9509
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
4 razy w roku
Dziedziny czasopisma:
General Interest, Life Sciences, other, Physics
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