| CPI Report (2019) |
Pakistan ranks 120 out of 180 countries on the Corruption Perception Index, scoring 32 points out of 100 points |
| World Economic Forum, GCR (2019) |
Overall institutional performance of Pakistan has a score of 47.7/100 points and the country ranks 107 out of a total of 141 countries. The level of organised crimes has a score of 47.4/100 points, placing the country at 112 rank out of 141 countries. The level of transparency score is 33/100 points, which places the country at 101 position among 141 countries |
| Ali (2020) |
Politicisation of state institutions is the biggest problem in Pakistan. NAB fails to investigate high-profile corruption cases due to political influence. Panama case has not been deeply investigated |
| Verkaaik (2001) |
During the last three decades, Pakistan's prime ministers have been disqualified on corruption charges. In the 1990s, the accountability commission was introduced, which functioned as a financial check and balance instrument, yet failed to perform its function |
| Bashir et al (2011) |
It is perceived that getting work done without having a public officer bribed is not possible. Research shows that 82% of the government employees either saw or experienced misconduct in the last 1 year and 90% people do not report corrupt activities |
| Anwar and Bilquees (2003) |
Bad governance affects the poor class of the society by various means, including income inequality and reduced public spending on human development |
| Miankhail (2009) |
Due to the lack of accountability and transparency in the public sector of Pakistan, misallocation of resources is the key problem. Public funds have been distorted, protecting the interest of elites |
| Khan (2016) |
Having colonial roots and due to political instability (due to civil-military clashes) and high political interference, state institutions have become shallow and no concrete course of action is taken to combat corruption |
| Chene (2008) |
In Pakistan, corruption exists in different forms, namely, bribery, nepotism, extortion, political and bureaucratic corruption or abuse of power by influential public officials |
| CPI Report (2018), Vittal and Mahalingam (2004) |
The gravity of corrupt activities is dependent on the level of morality in society. Corrupt practices are an integral part of routine activities in Pakistan. The level of corruption in Pakistan has surged |
| Javaid (2010) |
Grand corruption is widespread in developmental projects, particularly in public sector procurement. Some estimates show that corruption causes some Rs. 200 billion loss to the economy every year |
| Farooq et al (2013) |
Corruption impedes economic growth and weakens the institutions. Similarly, Pakistan's economy has seen a sluggish growth due to a rampant increase in the level of corruption |
| Paredes-Solis et al (2011) |
People in Pakistan believe that they are forced to pay bribes to obtain public medical services. In the year 2002, 29% of people and in the year 2004, 24% of people were using the country's public health services. Due to inadequate health facilities, people tend to use (who can afford) available private health services |
| Coleman (2004) |
Weak governance, corruption and political instability in Pakistan led to unstable economic and social development. Governments have repeatedly failed to lift millions of people from drowning in poverty |
| Ahmad et al (2013) |
The primary education system has been neglected in Pakistan. Political interference ends up in corruption, which in turn reduces the financial resources for the education sector, due to which school staff are not well paid and are untrained |
| World Bank Report (2015), Choudhry (2014) |
25% of the population in Pakistan live below the poverty line. Pakistan's multidimensional poverty headcount ratio is 49.4%, while the country has been ranked 145 on the Human Development Index |
| Khan (2007), WHO (2014) |
Pakistan has always been criticised for its public spending priorities. The country spends 2.6% of its total GDP on health care and 2.4% on education |
| UNIGME, WHO (2018), UNFPA (2019) |
Child mortality rate is 69.31/1000 live births under 5 years and 46,482.00 between 5 and 14 years of age. Also, more than 30% of children are victims of stunted growth due to malnutrition. Pakistan has the highest maternal mortality rate in South Asia due to unavailability of health facilities |
| Corruption in India |
| Transparency International (2019) |
According to Transparency International (2019) Report, India ranks 80 out of 180 countries on the Corruption Perception Index, obtaining 40 points out of 100 |
| World Economic Forum, GCR (2019) |
Overall institutional performance of India shows a score of 56.8/100 points and India ranks 59 out of a total of 141 countries. The level of organised crimes has a score of 55.0/100 points, placing India at 91 position out of 141 countries. The level of transparency score is 41.0/100 points, which places the country at 66 position among 141 countries |
| Transparency International India Report (2005) |
In 2005, 11 public sector departments had been surveyed; 62% of respondents (citizens) said corruption is a serious issue. They shared a personal experience of paying bribes. The study reveals that the common people pay Rs. 210,680 million as bribe per year |
| HDI Report (2019) and Global Monitoring Report (2014) |
India ranks 129 with an HDI value of 0.647; 30% of the world's extremely poor people live in India. Corruption is perceived to be one of the main barriers to human development in India |
| World Bank (2018) and UNICEF/WHO (2009) |
37/1000 children die before their fifth birthday; 26% of India's population does not have access to sanitation, which causes diarrhoea in children that becomes a reason of approximately 386,600 child deaths each year |
| Global Monitoring Report (2014) |
Corruption is prevalent in the Indian education system; 71% of the population is dependent on the public education system. The amount of money that goes in petty corruption is nearly INR. 41,370 million per annum |
| Quah (2008) |
Corruption in India, either grand or petty, is routinely being practiced. In 2008, the World Bank investigated corruption scandals in India's healthcare projects of $568 million. Indian high-ranking public officials defalcate billions of rupees, while street-level bureaucrats are busy stealing millions |
| Chauchard et al (2019) |
Data from India shows that politicians rapidly add up to their financial assets after assuming public offices. A public survey was conducted in 2015, which found that respondents linked politicians’ wealth accumulation to corruption |
| Rose and Peiffer (2018, p. 13) |
Governmental regulations favour public servants to receive unofficial payments from entrepreneurs who are in need of urgent legal documentation or need it by overlooking legal requirements. Such people influence laws and regulations for self-interest |
| Cheng and Urpelainen (2019) |
In India, a corrupt politician tends to finance a road or highway project rather than a school project due to substantial personal monetary benefits in the form of kickback |
