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Impact of TBTs on Trade in ICT Goods: Differentiating by Regulatory Objectives

Mahdi Ghodsi
Mahdi Ghodsi
   | 28 mar 2024
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Data publikacji: 28 mar 2024
Zakres stron: 97 - 127
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2024-0009
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© 2024 Mahdi Ghodsi, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Source: WITS, COMTRADE, UNCTAD, WTO I-TIP, author’s elaboration
Source: WITS, COMTRADE, UNCTAD, WTO I-TIP, author’s elaboration

Figure 2.

Source: WTO I-TIP, author’s elaboration
Source: WTO I-TIP, author’s elaboration

Figure A1.

Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.

Figure A2.

Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.

Figure A3.

Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.

Figure A4.

Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.

Figure A5.

Figure A6.

Figure A7.

Figure A8.

Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.

Figure A9.

Figure A10.

Figure A11.

Figure A12.

Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.

Figure A13.

Figure A14.

Figure A15.

Figure A16.

Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.
Note: Darkest colour p<0.1, middle dark colour p<0.05, lightest colour p<0.01.

List of ICT products and their related categories in the HS 1996 version

Category Category description Product code HS rev. 1996 Product description
ICT01 Computers and peripheral equipment 847050 Cash registers
847130 Portable digital automatic data processing machines, weighing not more than 10 kg, consisting of at least a central processing unit, a keyboard and a display
847141 Other digital automatic data processing machines: Comprising in the same housing are at least a central processing unit and an input and output unit, whether or not combined
847149 Other digital automatic data processing machines: Other, presented in the form of systems
847150 Digital processing units other than those of sub-headings 8471.41 and 8471.49, whether or not containing in the same housing one or two of the following types of unit: storage units, input units and output units
847160 Input or output units, whether or not containing storage units in the same housing
847170 Storage units
847180 Other units of automatic data processing machines
847190 Other
847290 Other
847330 Parts and accessories of the machines of heading No. 84.71
847350 Parts and accessories equally suitable for use with machines of two or more of the headings Nos. 84.69 to 84.72
ICT02 Communication equipment 851711 Telephone sets; videophones: Line telephone sets with cordless handsets
851719 Telephone sets; videophones: Other
851750 Other apparatus, for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems
851780 Other apparatus
851790 Parts
852510 Transmission apparatus
852520 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus
853110 Burglar or fire alarms and similar apparatus
ICT03 Consumer electronic equipment 851810 Microphones and stands therefore
851821 Loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures; Single loudspeakers, mounted in their enclosures
851822 Loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures; Multiple loudspeakers, mounted in the same enclosure
851829 Loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures: Other
851830 Headphones, earphones and combined microphone/speaker sets
851840 Audio-frequency electric amplifiers
851850 Electric sound amplifier sets
ICT03 Consumer electronic equipment 851890 Parts
851939 Turntables (record-decks): Other
851999 Other sound reproducing apparatus: Other
852020 Telephone answering machines
852110 Magnetic tape-type
852190 Other
852210 Pick-up cartridges
852290 Other
852540 Still image video cameras and other video camera recorders
852712 Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source of power, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Pocket-size radio cassette-players
852713 Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source of power, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other apparatus combined with sound recording or
852719 Radio-broadcast receivers capable of operating without an external source of power, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other
852721 Radio-broadcast receivers not capable of operating without an external source of power, of a kind used in motor vehicles, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telp...: Combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus
852729 Radio-broadcast receivers not capable of operating without an external source of power, of a kind used in motor vehicles, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other
852731 Other radio-broadcast receivers, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus
852732 Other radio-broadcast receivers, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Not combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus but combined with a clock
852739 Other radio-broadcast receivers, including apparatus capable of receiving also radio-telephony or radio-telegraphy: Other
852812 Reception apparatus for television, whether to or not to incorporate radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus: Colour
852813 Reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus: Black and white or other monochrome colour
852821 Video monitors: Colour
852830 Video projectors
950410 Video games of a kind used with a television receiver
ICT04 Electronic components 852330 Cards incorporating a magnetic stripe
853400 Printed circuits
854011 Cathode-ray television picture tubes, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes: Colour
854012 Cathode-ray television picture tubes, including video monitor cathode-ray tubes: Black and white or other monochrome colour
854020 Television camera tubes; image converters and intensifiers; other photo-cathode tubes
854040 Data/graphic display tubes, colour, with a phosphor dot screen pitch smaller than 0.4 mm
854060 Other cathode-ray tubes
854071 Microwave tubes (for example, magnetrons, klystrons, travelling wave tubes, carcinotrons), excluding grid-controlled tubes: Magnetrons
854079 Microwave tubes (for example, magnetrons, klystrons, travelling wave tubes, carcinotrons), excluding grid-controlled tubes: Other
854081 Other valves and tubes: Receiver or amplifier valves and tubes
854089 Other valves and tubes: Other
854091 Parts: Of cathode-ray tubes
854099 Parts: Other
854110 Diodes, other than photosensitive or light emitting diodes
854121 Transistors, other than photosensitive transistors: With a dissipation rate of less than 1 W
854129 Transistors, other than photosensitive transistors: Other
854130 Thyristors, diacs and triacs, other than photosensitive devices
854140 Photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels; light emitting diodes
854150 Other semiconductor devices
854160 Mounted piezo-electric crystals
854190 Parts
854212 Monolithic digital integrated circuits: Cards incorporating an electronic integrated circuit (smart cards)
854230 Other monolithic integrated circuits
854290 Parts
ICT05 Miscellaneous 852390 Other
852910 Aerials and aerial reflectors of all kinds; parts suitable for use therewith
852990 Other
901320 Lasers, other than laser diodes

Second-stage instrumental variable estimation results using PPML on imports of ICT goods during 1996–2018

TBT in levels TBT using arcsine transformation
Dependent variable: mviht mqiht mviht mqiht
arcTBTiht 0.21 8.32 0.22 8.27
(0.17) (6.38) (0.17) (6.34)
TBT^iht or acr TBT^iht {\widehat {TBT}_{iht}}\;{\bf{or}}\;{\bf{acr}}\;{\widehat {TBT}_{iht}} 0.022** 0.032 0.20 0.14
(0.011) (0.034) (0.18) (0.35)
Constant 22.1*** 23.5*** 21.9*** 23.4***
(0.11) (0.28) (0.37) (0.84)
Observations 181971 177246 181971 177246
Pseudo R-squared 0.957 0.964 0.956 0.964
Akaike information criterion (AIC) 7.23635e+12 1.58665e+12 7.33042e+12 1.58866e+12
Importer-year FE ωit Yes Yes Yes Yes
Importer-product FE ωih Yes Yes Yes Yes

PPML estimation results on imports of ICT goods during 1996–2018

TBT in levels TBT using arcsine transformation
Dependent variable: mviht mqiht mviht mqiht
arcTBTiht 0.032** 0.032** 0.031** 0.031**
(0.016) (0.016) (0.015) (0.015)
Δmviht-1 or Δmqiht-1 0.00013 −0.00018 0.00016 −0.00016
(0.00029) (0.00018) (0.00029) (0.00018)
arcxviht or arcxqiht −0.000018 0.00048 0.00013 0.00068
(0.00069) (0.00071) (0.00070) (0.00071)
TBTwi‘ht or arcTBTwi‘ht 0.019*** 0.019*** 0.14*** 0.13***
(0.0046) (0.0046) (0.037) (0.037)
Constant 2.24*** 2.23*** 2.06*** 2.06***
(0.018) (0.016) (0.062) (0.062)
Observations 63509 63509 63509 63509
Pseudo R-squared 0.711 0.711 0.711 0.711
AIC 180498.8 180498.4 180490.7 180490.1
Importer-year FE ωit Yes Yes Yes Yes
Importer-product FE ωih Yes Yes Yes Yes
eISSN:
2543-6821
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Economic Theory, Systems and Structures, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Economic Policy
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