Extensive Margin | |||||
Geographical proximity | (ref.: same building) | ||||
< 1 km | 3.75e-05 | −0.00859 |
−0.0612 |
−0.0767 |
0.000398 |
(4.03e-05) | (0.00207) | (0.00455) | (0.0154) | (0.000447) | |
1 to 5 km | 8.39e-05 | −0.0614 |
−0.0453 |
0.00707 | 0.000167 |
(9.30e-05) | (0.00375) | (0.00190) | (0.0172) | (0.000181) | |
5 to 25 km | 6.22e-05 | −0.0622 |
−0.0507 |
−0.00752 | 0.000194 |
(4.87e-05) | (0.0119) | (0.00589) | (0.0152) | (0.000196) | |
25 to 100 km | 9.99e-05 | −0.0813 |
−0.0477 |
−0.00343 | 9.21e-05 |
(7.75e-05) | (0.0218) | (0.0108) | (0.00251) | (0.000102) | |
100 to 500 km | −0.00121 | −0.0901 |
−0.0572 |
0.0228 | −0.00232 |
(0.00116) | (0.0173) | (0.0163) | (0.0178) | (0.00251) | |
> 500 km | 0.000157 | −0.0976 |
−0.0186 | −0.0582 |
0.000219 |
(0.000140) | (0.0192) | (0.0563) | (0.00848) | (0.000242) | |
Observations | 17,594 | 11,132 | 11,132 | 11,132 | 5,247 |
R-squared | 0.004 | 0.058 | 0.154 | 0.149 | 0.010 |
Number of waves | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
Intensive Margin | |||||
Geographical proximity | (ref.: < 1 km or the same building) | ||||
1 to 5 km | 0.157 | 0.277 | −0.123 |
−0.306 |
0.0600 |
(0.0497) | (0.111) | (0.00968) | (0.0190) | (0.0213) | |
5 to 25 km | 0.0304 | 0.127 | −0.149 | −0.413 |
−0.0677 |
(0.0986) | (0.139) | (0.335) | (0.0477) | (0.0476) | |
25 to 100 km | −0.196 |
−0.0425 | −0.207 | −0.784 | −0.111 |
(0.0193) | (0.0732) | (0.156) | (0.145) | (0.0579) | |
100 to 500 km | −0.335 |
−0.232 | 0.210 | −1.128 |
0.0732 |
(0.0418) | (0.0506) | (0.0888) | (0.0173) | (0.0729) | |
> 500 km | −0.233 | 0.0261 | 0.383 | −1.577 | 0.0358 |
(0.415) | (0.590) | (1.588) | (0.268) | (0.207) | |
Observations | 6,249 | 5,302 | 672 | 1,935 | 1,538 |
R-squared | 0.224 | 0.264 | 0.224 | 0.318 | 0.375 |
Number of waves | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
IV | Yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | Yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Donor is a confidant | 0.0221 | −0.00435 | 0.0454 |
−0.00542 | 0.138 |
−0.0389 |
−0.000411 | −0.00410 |
(0.0436) | (0.0294) | (0.0266) | (0.0163) | (0.0527) | (0.0105) | (0.0464) | (0.0285) | |
Donor is a stepchild | −0.00190 | 0.0203 |
0.00105 | −0.0131 |
−0.0137 | −0.0144 | −0.0433 |
−0.0432 |
(0.0174) | (0.0117) | (0.00879) | (0.00644) | (0.0143) | (0.00932) | (0.0238) | (0.0170) | |
Geographical proximity (ref: same building) | ||||||||
< 1 km | −0.000955 | 0.00888 | 0.0104 | 0.00333 | 0.00999 | 0.00247 | −0.00920 | 0.0116 |
(0.0515) | (0.00883) | (0.0304) | (0.0228) | (0.0414) | (0.0236) | (0.0666) | (0.0154) | |
1 to 5 km | 0.00670 | 0.0382 |
−0.0277 | −0.00794 | −0.0123 | 8.69e−05 | −0.0104 | 0.0163 |
(0.0498) | (0.0157) | (0.0268) | (0.0210) | (0.0387) | (0.0229) | (0.0614) | (0.0226) | |
5 to 25 km | 0.0121 | 0.0243 |
−0.0306 | −0.0256 | −0.0165 | −0.00380 | 0.0326 | 0.00396 |
(0.0498) | (0.0134) | (0.0269) | (0.0202) | (0.0387) | (0.0233) | (0.0641) | (0.0151) | |
25 to 100 km | 0.00476 | 0.0189 |
−0.0178 | −0.00488 | −0.0286 | −6.07e−05 | 0.000879 | 0.0219 |
(0.0486) | (0.0105) | (0.0274) | (0.0216) | (0.0375) | (0.0237) | (0.0656) | (0.0178) | |
100 to 500 km | 0.000178 | 0.0429 |
−0.0488 |
0.00721 | −0.0419 | 0.0142 | −0.0373 | 0.0191 |
(0.0491) | (0.0165) | (0.0269) | (0.0233) | (0.0376) | (0.0252) | (0.0649) | (0.0225) | |
> 500 km | −0.0139 | 0.0414 |
−0.0513 |
−0.00440 | −0.0363 | 0.0201 | −0.0366 | 0.0354 |
(0.0474) | (0.0191) | (0.0266) | (0.0217) | (0.0370) | (0.0252) | (0.0624) | (0.0244) | |
Contact (ref.: daily) | ||||||||
Several times a week | −0.0175 | 0.0132 | −0.00526 | −0.0182 |
−0.0170 | −0.00775 | −0.00790 | −0.0169 |
(0.0197) | (0.0121) | (0.0129) | (0.00999) | (0.0177) | (0.0126) | (0.0297) | (0.0142) | |
Once a week | −0.0252 | −0.00401 | −0.00120 | −0.00423 | −0.0320 |
−0.0106 | −0.0514 |
−0.0102 |
(0.0217) | (0.0128) | (0.0140) | (0.0116) | (0.0173) | (0.0131) | (0.0298) | (0.0181) | |
Every two weeks | −0.0491 |
0.00816 | −0.0243 |
−0.00913 | −0.0451 |
−0.0106 | −0.0936 |
0.0534 |
(0.0205) | (0.0203) | (0.0139) | (0.0139) | (0.0192) | (0.0170) | (0.0317) | (0.0329) | |
Once a month | −0.0463 |
−0.0122 | −0.0346 |
−0.0106 | −0.0428 |
−0.0182 | −0.114 |
−0.0185 |
(0.0233) | (0.0143) | (0.0129) | (0.0143) | (0.0206) | (0.0174) | (0.0311) | (0.0169) | |
Less than once a month | −0.0663 |
−0.0324 |
−0.0285 |
−0.0373 |
−0.0613 |
−0.0222 | −0.0941 |
0.00629 |
(0.0192) | (0.0135) | (0.0135) | (0.0109) | (0.0189) | (0.0160) | (0.0294) | (0.0283) | |
Never | −0.0784 |
−0.0358 |
−0.0427 |
−0.0414 |
−0.0409 |
−0.0320 |
−0.120 |
−0.0218 |
(0.0232) | (0.0150) | (0.0132) | (0.0125) | (0.0188) | (0.0137) | (0.0337) | (0.0189) | |
Observations | 1,122 | 1,122 | 2,432 | 2,432 | 1,882 | 1,882 | 791 | 791 |
R-squared | 0.076 | 0.073 | 0.070 | 0.058 | 0.121 | 0.058 | 0.153 | 0.125 |
IV | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Donor's characteristics | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Geographical proximity to donor | ||||||
< 1 km | 1.92 | 0.75 | 1.92 | 0.75 | 50.24 | 16.47 |
1 – 5 km | 48.29 | 19.42 | 48.29 | 19.42 | 17.63 | 17.50 |
5 – 25 km | 17.63 | 19.05 | 17.63 | 19.05 | 18.16 | 22.99 |
25 – 100 km | 18.18 | 23.24 | 18.18 | 23.24 | 8.66 | 18.00 |
100 – 500 km | 8.71 | 16.18 | 8.71 | 16.18 | 4.32 | 17.66 |
> 500 km | 5.28 | 21.36 | 5.28 | 21.36 | 0.99 | 8.13 |
Contact with donor | ||||||
Daily | 44.13 | 40.81 | 10.06 | 4.94 | 11.25 | 5.67 |
Several times a week | 33.69 | 31.63 | 19.10 | 13.18 | 33.55 | 14.57 |
Once a week | 15.05 | 17.24 | 23.48 | 17.13 | 22.26 | 19.84 |
Every two weeks | 4.36 | 5.72 | 24.19 | 19.77 | 20.96 | 24.70 |
Once a month | 2.07 | 3.51 | 13.68 | 13.84 | 7.48 | 16.60 |
Less than once a month | 0.65 | 0.96 | 7.42 | 16.14 | 3.30 | 13.36 |
Never | 0.06 | 0.13 | 2.06 | 14.99 | 1.21 | 5.26 |
Observations | 19,182 | 4,790 | 1,550 | 607 | 2,152 | 247 |
Donor is a confidant | 0.0259 | 0.00484 | 0.00168 | 0.0368 | 0.0839 | −0.00890 | 0.112 |
−0.0405 |
(0.0289) | (0.0177) | (0.0276) | (0.0282) | (0.0531) | (0.00699) | (0.0458) | (0.0177) | |
Donor is a stepchild | 0.0156 | −0.000336 | −0.00581 | −0.00711 | 0.0122 | −0.0211 |
−0.0274 |
−0.0241 |
(0.0104) | (0.00695) | (0.0105) | (0.00819) | (0.0227) | (0.00854) | (0.0159) | (0.0117) | |
Geographical proximity (ref: same building) | ||||||||
< 1 km | −0.0863 |
−0.0406 | 0.0989 |
0.0371 | −0.00404 | 0.00516 | 0.0595 | 0.0111 |
(0.0471) | (0.0401) | (0.0372) | (0.0271) | (0.0342) | (0.00690) | (0.0372) | (0.0242) | |
1 to 5 km | −0.0609 | −0.0341 | 0.0602 |
0.0165 | −0.0458 | 0.0163 |
0.0236 | 0.00804 |
(0.0465) | (0.0400) | (0.0196) | (0.0154) | (0.0327) | (0.00934) | (0.0335) | (0.0229) | |
5 to 25 km | −0.0800 |
−0.0503 | 0.0982 |
0.0157 | −0.0411 | 0.00870 | 0.0259 | −0.00662 |
(0.0458) | (0.0394) | (0.0244) | (0.0170) | (0.0332) | (0.00653) | (0.0328) | (0.0217) | |
25 to 100 km | −0.0890 |
−0.0336 | 0.106 |
0.0175 | −0.0490 | 0.0146 | 0.0190 | 0.00129 |
(0.0455) | (0.0400) | (0.0274) | (0.0162) | (0.0323) | (0.0106) | (0.0324) | (0.0231) | |
100 to 500 km | −0.103 |
−0.0439 | 0.0688 |
0.0191 | −0.0551 |
0.00742 | 0.000325 | 0.0465 |
(0.0458) | (0.0403) | (0.0223) | (0.0188) | (0.0322) | (0.0116) | (0.0322) | (0.0255) | |
> 500 km | −0.100 |
−0.0387 | 0.0707 |
0.0238 | −0.0694 |
0.0187 |
−0.0146 | 0.0356 |
(0.0459) | (0.0402) | (0.0227) | (0.0219) | (0.0305) | (0.0105) | (0.0323) | (0.0278) | |
Contact (ref.: daily) | ||||||||
Several times a week | 0.00451 | −0.0209 | −0.0155 | −0.0155 | −0.00301 | −0.00526 | −0.0233 | −0.00599 |
(0.0135) | (0.0133) | (0.0349) | (0.0161) | (0.0125) | (0.00767) | (0.0198) | (0.0152) | |
Once a week | 0.0151 | −0.00941 | −0.0534 | −0.00546 | 0.000370 | −6.94e-05 | −0.0505 |
−0.0206 |
(0.0136) | (0.0145) | (0.0332) | (0.0167) | (0.0146) | (0.00972) | (0.0200) | (0.0162) | |
Every two weeks | −0.0161 | −0.0154 | −0.0608 |
0.0348 | −0.0189 | 0.0268 | −0.0862 |
−0.0281 |
(0.0135) | (0.0149) | (0.0335) | (0.0223) | (0.0178) | (0.0248) | (0.0208) | (0.0204) | |
Once a month | −0.0120 | −0.00991 | −0.0685 |
−0.0122 | 0.000937 | 0.00500 | −0.0961 |
−0.0370 |
(0.0139) | (0.0157) | (0.0329) | (0.0167) | (0.0247) | (0.0197) | (0.0201) | (0.0189) | |
Less than once a month | −0.0252 |
−0.0260 |
−0.0577 |
−0.00665 | −0.0207 | −0.00765 | −0.0900 |
−0.0501 |
(0.0120) | (0.0135) | (0.0336) | (0.0185) | (0.0152) | (0.00821) | (0.0203) | (0.0188) | |
Never | −0.0316 |
−0.0280 |
−0.0629 |
−0.0115 | −0.0149 | 0.00153 | −0.121 |
−0.0607 |
(0.0119) | (0.0133) | (0.0330) | (0.0170) | (0.0240) | (0.0124) | (0.0220) | (0.0159) | |
Observations | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1,216 | 1,216 | 1,321 | 1,321 | 1,690 | 1,690 |
R-squared | 0.058 | 0.032 | 0.087 | 0.050 | 0.125 | 0.073 | 0.111 | 0.064 |
IV | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Extensive Margin | |||||
Genetic proximity | (ref.: own child) | ||||
Parents | −5.52e-06 | −0.0347 |
0.145 |
0.00710 | −0.0285 |
(6.43e-05) | (0.00801) | (0.0113) | (0.00300) | (0.0222) | |
Siblings | −1.27e-05 | −0.0156 | 0.00893 | −0.120 |
−0.0232 |
(3.58e-05) | (0.0145) | (0.00329) | (0.0180) | (0.0174) | |
Parents-in-law | −0.00308 | −0.00588 | 0.0907 |
−0.0203 | −0.0230 |
(0.00318) | (0.0389) | (0.0161) | (0.0150) | (0.0147) | |
Children-in-law | −4.01e-06 | 0.0157 | 0.00383 | −0.122 |
−0.0111 |
(1.24e-05) | (0.0128) | (0.0118) | (0.0135) | (0.00866) | |
Grandchildren | 2.30e-05 | 0.0257 | 0.00287 | −0.158 |
0.00302 |
(5.54e-05) | (0.0117) | (0.00825) | (0.00541) | (0.00625) | |
Other relatives | −0.000602 | −0.00165 | −0.00867 | −0.144 |
−0.0245 |
(0.000662) | (0.00397) | (0.00523) | (0.0163) | (0.0194) | |
Friends | −0.000357 | 0.0153 | −0.00703 | −0.134 |
−0.00235 |
(0.000386) | (0.00763) | (0.00259) | (0.0228) | (0.00387) | |
Neighbours | −4.17e-05 | 0.0804 |
−0.0242 |
−0.232 |
−0.000738 |
(4.09e-05) | (0.0134) | (0.00278) | (0.0149) | (0.0178) | |
Other unrelated | −1.36e-05 | −0.0854 |
0.0571 | −0.0976 | −0.0178 |
(3.39e-05) | (0.00350) | (0.0297) | (0.0366) | (0.0131) | |
Observations | 44,789 | 23,953 | 23,953 | 23,953 | 13,232 |
R-squared | 0.005 | 0.049 | 0.203 | 0.152 | 0.055 |
Number of waves | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
Intensive Margin | |||||
Genetic proximity | (ref.: own child) | ||||
Parents | 0.522 | 0.536 | 0.510 | 0.977 |
0.540 |
(0.207) | (0.210) | (0.336) | (0.0707) | (0.0338) | |
Siblings | −0.361 |
−0.410 | −0.137 | −0.699 | 0.124 |
(0.0445) | (0.0931) | (0.0703) | (0.219) | (0.140) | |
Parents-in-law | 0.615 | 0.461 |
0.910 |
1.473 | 0.523 |
(0.170) | (0.0448) | (0.106) | (0.993) | (0.0525) | |
Children-in-law | −0.425 |
−0.435 |
−0.144 | −0.555 |
0.437 |
(0.00506) | (0.0171) | (0.0640) | (0.0334) | (0.178) | |
Grandchildren | −0.279 | −0.424 | −0.208 | −0.300 | −0.318 |
(0.112) | (0.131) | (0.0406) | (0.305) | (0.0681) | |
Other relatives | −0.510 | −0.593 | −0.533 | −0.683 |
0.448 |
(0.104) | (0.149) | (0.668) | (0.0212) | (0.0128) | |
Friends | −0.616 |
−0.597 | −0.610 | −0.909 | −0.214 |
(0.0901) | (0.119) | (0.332) | (0.151) | (0.340) | |
Neighbours | −0.848 |
−1.019 |
−1.315 | −0.560 |
−0.0553 |
(0.0148) | (0.0141) | (0.514) | (0.0347) | (0.323) | |
Other unrelated | −0.311 |
−0.0481 | 0.158 | −0.963 | 0.118 |
(0.0296) | (0.0454) | (0.330) | (0.229) | (0.322) | |
Observations | 10,454 | 8,684 | 1,143 | 3,118 | 2,336 |
R-squared | 0.245 | 0.284 | 0.248 | 0.373 | 0.333 |
Number of waves | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
IV | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Child's education (ref. none) | ||||
ISCED 1 | 0.0520 |
(0.0171) | −0.0256 | (0.0209) |
ISCED 2 | 0.0585 |
(0.0120) | −0.0206 | (0.0206) |
ISCED 3 | 0.0434 |
(0.00995) | −0.0285 | (0.0205) |
ISCED 4 | 0.0503 |
(0.0156) | −0.0397 |
(0.0207) |
ISCED 5 | 0.0411 |
(0.0104) | −0.0115 | (0.0209) |
ISCED 6 | 0.0381 |
(0.0175) | −0.0330 | (0.0240) |
Child is not single | −0.00476 | (0.00778) | −0.00383 | (0.00756) |
Child works | −0.0103 | (0.00735) | 0.0127 |
(0.00426) |
Observations | 6,227 | 6,227 | ||
R-squared | 0.058 | 0.030 | ||
IV | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Child is a confidant | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Child is a stepchild | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Geographical proximity | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Emotional proximity | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Contact | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Donor is a confidant | - | - | 0.0536 |
−0.00686 |
- | - | (0.0199) | (0.00967) | |
Donor is a stepchild | - | - | −0.00378 | −0.0102 |
- | - | (0.00644) | (0.00456) | |
Geographical proximity (ref: same building) | ||||
< 1 km | −0.0187 |
−0.00224 | 0.000946 | 0.000509 |
(0.00908) | (0.00244) | (0.0214) | (0.0127) | |
1 to 5 km | −0.0326 |
−0.00161 | −0.0219 | 0.00249 |
(0.00916) | (0.00265) | (0.0200) | (0.0123) | |
5 to 25 km | −0.0430 |
−0.00119 | −0.0194 | −0.00968 |
(0.00908) | (0.00270) | (0.0200) | (0.0119) | |
25 to 100 km | −0.0577 |
−0.00316 | −0.0231 | 0.000538 |
(0.00925) | (0.00280) | (0.0199) | (0.0124) | |
100 to 500 km | −0.0730 |
0.00106 | −0.0419 |
0.0123 |
(0.00928) | (0.00327) | (0.0196) | (0.0133) | |
> 500 km | −0.0684 |
−0.000851 | −0.0457 |
0.0105 |
(0.00955) | (0.00382) | (0.0194) | (0.0132) | |
Emotional proximity (ref: not very close) | ||||
Somewhat close | 0.00183 | −0.00124 | - | - |
(0.0105) | (0.00262) | - | - | |
Very close | 0.0173 |
0.00101 | - | - |
(0.0104) | (0.00266) | - | - | |
Extremely close | 0.0386 |
0.00861 |
- | - |
(0.0109) | (0.00305) | - | - | |
Contact (ref.: daily) | ||||
Several times a week | - | - | −0.00932 | −0.0110 |
- | - | (0.00883) | (0.00603) | |
Once a week | - | - | −0.0207 |
−0.00850 |
- | - | (0.00898) | (0.00681) | |
Every two weeks | - | - | −0.0426 |
0.000263 |
- | - | (0.00916) | (0.00913) | |
Once a month | - | - | −0.0469 |
−0.0158 |
- | - | (0.00932) | (0.00811) | |
Less than once a month | - | - | −0.0523 |
−0.0253 |
- | - | (0.00882) | (0.00736) | |
Never | - | - | −0.0666 |
−0.0329 |
- | - | (0.00895) | (0.00657) | |
Observations | 28,156 | 28,156 | 6,227 | 6,227 |
R-squared | 0.064 | 0.009 | 0.058 | 0.030 |
IV | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Donor's characteristics | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Genetic proximity | ||||
(ref: own child) | (ref: neighbour) | |||
Child-in-law | 0.0429 |
0.00418 | ||
(0.0140) | (0.00583) | |||
Cousin | 0.00776 | 0.00605 | ||
(0.0112) | (0.00555) | |||
Other relative | −0.00605 | 0.00351 | ||
(0.0117) | (0.00575) | |||
Other unrelated | −0.0474 |
0.000698 | ||
(0.00764) | (0.00120) | |||
Geographical proximity (ref.: same building) | ||||
< 1km | −0.0395 |
−0.00423 | −0.00726 | −0.000437 |
(0.0169) | (0.00627) | (0.0104) | (0.00141) | |
1 to 5 km | −0.0490 |
−0.00672 | −0.0230 |
0.00160 |
(0.0165) | (0.00598) | (0.0105) | (0.00188) | |
5 to 25 km | −0.0640 |
−0.00552 | −0.0321 |
0.00181 |
(0.0162) | (0.00600) | (0.0105) | (0.00201) | |
25 to 100 km | −0.0873 |
−0.00954 | −0.0406 |
0.00164 |
(0.0163) | (0.00609) | (0.0108) | (0.00226) | |
100 to 500 km | −0.106 |
−0.00350 | −0.0495 |
0.00369 |
(0.0161) | (0.00649) | (0.0111) | (0.00321) | |
> 500 km | −0.0938 |
−0.00373 | −0.0538 |
−0.000459 |
Emotional proximity (ref: not very close) | (0.0166) | (0.00714) | (0.0108) | (0.00329) |
Somewhat close | −0.0272 | −0.00805 | 0.00646 | 0.000134 |
(0.0262) | (0.0126) | (0.0112) | (0.000562) | |
Very close | −0.0115 | −0.00552 | 0.0198 |
0.00242 |
(0.0261) | (0.0126) | (0.0112) | (0.000725) | |
Extremely close | 0.00581 | 0.00365 | 0.0446 |
0.00792 |
(0.0265) | (0.0127) | (0.0121) | (0.00203) | |
Observations | 11,097 | 11,097 | 17,057 | 17,057 |
R-squared | 0.012 | 0.088 | 0.009 | 0.051 |
IV | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Donor's characteristics | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Extensive Margin | ||||
Genetic proximity | (ref.: own child) | |||
Parents | - | −0.0305 | 9.33e-05 | −0.0256 |
- | (0.0228) | (9.86e-05) | (0.0240) | |
Siblings | - | −0.0149 | 4.48e-05 | −0.0279 |
- | (0.0143) | (8.10e-05) | (0.0194) | |
Parents-in-law | - | −0.0223 | −0.0102 | −0.0242 |
- | (0.0144) | (0.0100) | (0.0176) | |
Children-in-law | - | −0.00995 | 3.82e-05 | −0.0136 |
- | (0.0116) | (6.93e-05) | (0.0133) | |
Grandchildren | - | 0.0365 | 9.67e-05 | −0.0257 |
- | (0.0289) | (0.000170) | (0.0144) | |
Other relatives | - | −0.0210 | −0.00135 | −0.0234 |
- | (0.0241) | (0.00147) | (0.0373) | |
Friends | - | 0.00415 | −0.00105 | −0.0108 |
- | (0.0176) | (0.00118) | (0.0125) | |
Neighbours | - | 0.0617 | −7.96e-07 | −0.0602 |
- | (0.0516) | (4.03e-05) | (0.0403) | |
Other unrelated | - | 0.00324 | 9.54e-05 | −0.0422 |
- | (0.00216) | (9.95e-05) | (0.0325) | |
Observations | 23,571 | 6,118 | 20,845 | 7,015 |
Number of waves | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
R-squared | - | 0.038 | 0.008 | 0.075 |
Intensive Margin | ||||
Genetic proximity | ||||
Parents | 0.320 | 3,400 | 1.018 |
−387.3 |
(0.238) | (554.7) | (0.0652) | (141.3) | |
Siblings | −0.350 | 432.5 | −0.247 | −366.8 |
(0.201) | (486.5) | (0.223) | (170.6) | |
Parents-in-law | 0.458 |
3,245 | 0.973 | 375.1 |
(0.0141) | (1,577) | (0.689) | (581.6) | |
Children-in-law | −0.413 |
11,130 | −0.432 |
−549.0 |
(0.0101) | (7,390) | (0.0533) | (117.1) | |
Grandchildren | −0.300 | −1,894 |
−0.243 |
−444.6 |
(0.225) | (242.4) | (0.00674) | (120.2) | |
Other relatives | −0.454 |
1,673 | −0.589 | 3,923 |
(3.20e-05) | (529.1) | (0.254) | (1,140) | |
Intensive Margin | ||||
Genetic proximity | ||||
Friends | −0.511 | −507.1 |
−1.015 |
−346.7 |
(0.145) | (59.92) | (0.0912) | (206.1) | |
Neighbours | −0.805 |
−526.3 | −1.048 | −1,609 |
(0.102) | (129.2) | (0.238) | (236.4) | |
Other unrelated | −0.403 | −535.6 | 0.00544 | 69.63 |
(0.0683) | (276.6) | (0.432) | (484.6) | |
Observations | 6,775 | 1,215 | 3,526 | 1,094 |
Number of waves | 2 | 0.086 | 2 | 0.103 |
R-squared | 0.202 | 2 | 0.199 | 2 |
IV | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Controls | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Austria | 5.90 | 4.89 | 4.85 |
Belgium | 8.88 | 8.14 | 8.41 |
Croatia | 0.98 | 3.71 | 3.54 |
Czech Republic | 7.53 | 7.50 | 7.49 |
Denmark | 5.56 | 5.52 | 5.51 |
Estonia | 7.16 | 8.32 | 8.51 |
France | 7.70 | 5.72 | 5.83 |
Germany | 6.62 | 6.42 | 6.27 |
Greece | 4.18 | 7.18 | 7.00 |
Hungary | 1.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Israel | 3.87 | 3.15 | 3.18 |
Italy | 7.31 | 7.56 | 7.60 |
Luxembourg | 1.20 | 2.23 | 2.20 |
Poland | 2.42 | 2.77 | 2.78 |
Portugal | 1.46 | 2.55 | 2.54 |
Slovenia | 3.98 | 6.42 | 5.58 |
Spain | 7.96 | 8.13 | 7.96 |
Sweden | 6.46 | 5.91 | 5.91 |
Switzerland | 4.41 | 3.88 | 3.83 |
Respondent's age (years) | 66.13 | 68.50 | 67.37 |
Respondent's number of ADLs | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.20 |
Respondent's number of IADLs | 0.42 | 0.88 | 0.37 |
Respondent's extended family size | 9.21 | 9.30 | 9.07 |
Time transfers (hours per week) | 25.16 | - | - |
Money transfers (euro) | 2,621 | - | - |
Female respondents | 58.25 | 66.74 | 65.28 |
Respondents living alone | 26.96 | 41.60 | 33.53 |
Respondents with non-genetic children | 11.46 | 13.00 | 12.94 |
Respondents making ends meet | |||
With great difficulty | 11.77 | 14.31 | 10.11 |
With some difficulty | 27.52 | 29.01 | 24.27 |
Fairly easily | 30.41 | 29.27 | 26.90 |
Easily | 30.31 | 27.41 | 38.72 |
Time transfers occurrence | 22.07 | 85.45 | 28.84 |
Money transfers occurrence | 7.60 | 30.54 | 10.79 |
Observations | 434,575 | 25,475 | 40,699 |