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Equilibrium and Convergence in Income Distribution: The Case of 28 European Countries in the Recent, Turbulent Past (1995–2019)

Yanling Guo
Yanling Guo
 oraz 
Friedrich L. Sell
Friedrich L. Sell
   | 11 cze 2021
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Data publikacji: 11 cze 2021
Zakres stron: 95 - 125
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2021-0007
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© 2021 Yanling Guo et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1

The time-invariant distribution pattern of personal incomes. Source: Blümle (2005)
The time-invariant distribution pattern of personal incomes. Source: Blümle (2005)

Fig. 2

Increasing the standard deviation in the distribution of personal incomes. Source: Sell (2015)
Increasing the standard deviation in the distribution of personal incomes. Source: Sell (2015)

Fig. 3

Equilibrium in the distribution pattern of personal incomes. Source: Sell (2015)
Equilibrium in the distribution pattern of personal incomes. Source: Sell (2015)

Fig. 4

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 5

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 5

Fig. 7

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 8

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 9

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 10

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 11

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 12

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

Fig. 13

(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)
(SOURCE: EUROSTAT, OWN DEPICTION)

ADF test result

Country Stationary AIC) Stationary (BIC) Stationary (t-stat) Trend sta. (AIC) Trend sta. (BIC) Trend sta. (t-stat) Nobs
Austria ** ** ** ** ** ** 17
Belgium ** 17
Bulgaria 14
Croatia *** 10
Cyprus * 15
Czechia 15
Denmark *** *** *** 17
Estonia *** *** * 16
Finland 16
France ** ** ** 15
Germany ** ** *** *** *** 15
Greece 17
Hungary ** * ** ** ** 15
Ireland *** *** *** 16
Italy *** *** *** 15
Latvia ** ** ** *** *** *** 15
Lithuania 15
Luxembourg * * 17
Malta * * * * * * 15
Netherlands *** *** *** *** *** *** 15
Poland ** ** ** 15
Portugal ** ** ** 16
Romania ** ** 13
Slovakia 14
Slovenia 15
Spain 16
Sweden *** *** *** ** ** ** 16
United Kingdom 14

Dependent variable ΔGint

Model A(1) A(2) A(3) A(4)
Previous Gini −0.053*** (0.013) −0.249*** (0.030) −0.265*** (0.030)
Financial crisis 0.321*** (0.110)
Austria −0.210 (0.255) 6.417*** (0.837) 6.676*** (0.835)
Belgium −0.171 (0.255) 6.588*** (0.852) 6.855*** (0.850)
Bulgaria 0.707** (0.312) 9.187*** (1.067) 9.481*** (1.063)
Croatia −0.267 (0.389) 7.329*** (0.989) 7.497*** (0.982)
Cyprus 0.246 (0.324) 7.888*** (0.973) 8.109*** (0.968)
Czechia −0.143 (0.312) 6.075*** (0.807) 6.201*** (0.802)
Denmark 0.294 (0.283) 6.528*** (0.800) 6.741*** (0.796)
Estonia −0.663** (0.292) 7.619*** (1.039) 7.932*** (1.036)
Finland 0.085 (0.261) 6.342*** (0.796) 6.553*** (0.793)
France −0.205 (0.268) 7.022*** (0.910) 7.318*** (0.908)
Germany −0.020 (0.261) 7.017*** (0.886) 7.278*** (0.883)
Greece −0.259 (0.249) 8.180*** (1.048) 8.548*** (1.047)
Hungary −0.100 (0.292) 6.679*** (0.865) 6.875*** (0.860)
Ireland −0.271 (0.255) 7.475*** (0.968) 7.806*** (0.966)
Italy −0.175 (0.261) 7.775*** (0.993) 8.110*** (0.991)
Latvia −0.071 (0.312) 8.871*** (1.121) 9.172*** (1.117)
Lithuania −0.060 (0.302) 8.694*** (1.097) 9.002*** (1.093)
Luxembourg 0.076 (0.255) 7.023*** (0.874) 7.302*** (0.872)
Malta 0.071 (0.312) 6.972*** (0.885) 7.142*** (0.879)
Netherlands −0.115 (0.261) 6.558*** (0.844) 6.811*** (0.841)
Poland −0.473 (0.302) 7.269*** (0.979) 7.511*** (0.974)
Portugal −0.281 (0.255) 8.541*** (1.094) 8.926*** (1.093)
Romania −0.179 (0.312) 8.331*** (1.071) 8.605*** (1.066)
Slovakia −0.408 (0.324) 5.829*** (0.813) 5.960*** (0.808)
Slovenia 0.006 (0.292) 5.880*** (0.761) 6.017*** (0.757)
Spain 0.025 (0.261) 8.351*** (1.037) 8.710*** (1.036)
Sweden 0.369 (0.292) 6.662*** (0.809) 6.847*** (0.805)
United Kingdom 0.118 (0.283) 8.179*** (1.011) 8.528*** (1.010)
Constant 1.482*** (0.389)
Observations 479 479 479 479
R-squared 0.033 0.048 0.173 0.189

Dependent variable Ginit

Model B(1) B(2) B(3) B(4)
logGDPpc 210.401** (101.18) 463.717*** (146.76)
(logGDPpc)2 −22.158** (10.25) −46.512*** (15.17)
(logGDPpc)3 0.765** (0.35) 1.541*** (0.52)
previous Gini 0.950*** (0.01) 0.351*** (0.05)
Austria −253.595** (104.02) −1753.78*** (482.91)
Belgium 272.008*** (104.02) −1437.44*** (479.71)
Bulgaria −1451.324***(108.02) −1902.24*** (385.60)
Croatia 500.411* (283.47) −1291.01** (557.56)
Cyprus −377.443*** (145.40) −1706.16*** (489.32)
Czechia 171.240 (145.40) −1537.05*** (512.88)
Denmark −535.120*** (118.87) −1892.70*** (480.87)
Estonia 323.865*** (100.53) −1448.45*** (508.94)
Finland 123.248 (100.53) −1460.13*** (480.53)
France −265.087** (109.12) −1737.01*** (486.63)
Germany −387.554*** (117.02) −1825.68*** (491.62)
Greece 87.160 (104.02) −1331.06*** (460.23)
Hungary −332.505*** (104.51) −1832.71*** (500.85)
Ireland 155.019 (113.32) −1520.09*** (458.52)
Italy −291.261** (120.55) −1686.74*** (480.19)
Latvia 459.139*** (145.40) −1280.34** (507.37)
Lithuania −487.852*** (117.02) −1868.91*** (510.14)
Luxembourg −488.867*** (104.02) −1838.25*** (454.26)
Malta −181.419 (145.40) −1882.67*** (541.84)
Netherlands 58.677 (104.51) −1571.00*** (476.53)
Poland 421.547*** (117.02) −1298.42*** (501.97)
Portugal 686.918*** (110.50) −1085.10** (483.61)
Romania −15.311 (183.48) −1518.38*** (488.56)
Slovakia 596.187*** (162.52) −1212.39** (526.13)
Slovenia −199.579* (104.51) −1764.69*** (504.61)
Spain −240.605** (100.53) −1695.74*** (486.51)
Sweden −578.102*** (113.37) −1972.66*** (481.94)
United Kingdom 324.630*** (113.35) −1358.44*** (484.78)
Austria*TIME 0.140*** (0.05) 0.122** (0.05)
Belgium*TIME −0.122** (0.05) −0.035 (0.05)
Bulgaria*TIME 0.739*** (0.05) 0.198* (0.11)
Croatia*TIME −0.233* (0.14) −0.109 (0.13)
Cyprus*TIME 0.203*** (0.07) 0.099 (0.07)
Czechia*TIME −0.073 (0.07) 0.012 (0.07)
Denmark*TIME 0.279*** (0.06) 0.192 (0.06)
Estonia*TIME −0.145*** (0.05) −0.030 (0.06)
Finland*TIME −0.048 (0.05) −0.024 (0.05)
France*TIME 0.146*** (0.05) 0.115** (0.05)
Germany*TIME 0.207*** (0.06) 0.159*** (0.06)
Greece*TIME −0.027 (0.05) −0.087* (0.05)
Hungary*TIME 0.179*** (0.05) 0.160*** (0.05)
Ireland*TIME −0.062 (0.06) 0.008 (0.07)
Italy*TIME 0.161*** (0.06) 0.090* (0.06)
Latvia*TIME −0.210*** (0.07) −0.112 (0.07)
Lithuania*TIME 0.260*** (0.06) 0.180** (0.08)
Luxembourg*TIME 0.257*** (0.05) 0.165*** (0.05)
Malta*TIME 0.104 (0.07) 0.185** (0.08)
Netherlands*TIME −0.016 (0.05) 0.032 (0.05)
Poland*TIME −0.194*** (0.06) −0.105** (0.07)
Portugal*TIME −0.324*** (0.06) −0.209*** (0.05)
Romania*TIME 0.025 (0.09) 0.006 (0.10)
Slovakia*TIME −0.284*** (0.08) −0.149* (0.08)
Slovenia*TIME 0.111** (0.05) 0.125** (0.05)
Spain*TIME 0.136*** (0.05) 0.095** (0.05)
Sweden*TIME 0.300*** (0.06) 0.231*** (0.06)
UK*TIME −0.145*** (0.06) −0.073 (0.05)
constant −624.115* (331.96) 1.450*** (0.43)
Observations 427 427 427 427
R-squared 0.185 0.913 0.933 0.946
eISSN:
2543-6821
Język:
Angielski
Częstotliwość wydawania:
Volume Open
Dziedziny czasopisma:
Business and Economics, Political Economics, Economic Theory, Systems and Structures, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Public Finance and Fiscal Theory
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